Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/14

GOEZE. Lessings Streit mit Hauptpastor Goeze, in Heft 155 of the Deutsche Zeit- und Streit-Fragen { 1881 ) . See Lessing.

GOFFE, (?-c.l679). An English regicide, born in Sussex, where his father was the rector of a church at Stammer. Apprenticed to a Salter in London, he embraced the cause of the Parliament against Charles I., and in 1645 was commissioned a captain in the New Jlodel army, in which, by his zeal and bravery, he won rapid promotion. He was one of the judges at the trial of Charles I., and signed the death warrant. He commanded Cromwell's old regiment at the battle of Dunbar, and distingiiished himself at Worcester. He was elected to Parliament in 1654, and was promoted major-general in 1655, with command in Sussex, Berkshire, and Hamp- shire. In 1656 he supported the proposition to offer the crown to Cromwell, by whom he was appointed a member of the newly constituted House of Lords. At the Restoration he was excepted from the Act of Indemnity, and escaped with his father-in-law, General Whalley, to America, settling first at Cambridge, and thence, in order to escape arrest, removing to Connecti- cut, where he lived in retirement in Xew Haven and various towns in the Connecticut River Valley. In 1664 he removed to Hadley, JIass., where, according to the tradition, he appeared on the occasion of an Indian attack upon the town in 1675. rallied the frightened townsmen, and drove off the raiders. This incident has been used by Scott in his Pcveril of the Peak, and by Cooper in his Wept of Wish-ton-Wish, or The Borderers, and forms the subject of "The Gray Champion" in Hawthorne's Twice-Told Tales. Consult Stiles. History of Three of the Judges of King Huirles I. (Hartford, 1794).

GOG AND MA'GOG. Names occurring sev- eral times in the Bible. Gog is mentioned in Ezek. xxxviii. 16-18, and also xxxix. 1 in connec- tion with Meshech and Tubal. Magog appears in Gen. x. 2 and 1. Chron. i. 5 as a son of .Japheth, and in the Hebrew text of Ezek. xxxix. 6, where the Greek version reads Gog. It has been con- jectured that in this passage and in Gen. x. 2 ilagog is a scribal error for Gog, or. according to others, Magog in the latter passage is mis- written for Gomer. The association of Gog with Meshech and Tubal, the location of which can be determined from the Assyrian inscriptions, points to some part of Armenia as the district intended by Gog. Various attempts have been made to explain the name. By some Gog has been connected 'ith Gagu, a ruler of a land Sakhi, to the north of Assyria, who is men- tioned by -ssurbanipal. ancl who has been regarded by some as identical with Gyges, King of Lydia, although all such conjectures are futile. We must rest content with the fact that in the Old Testament Gog is the name of a north- ern region. In view of the terror inspired by the approach of the northern hordes, roughly known as the Scythians, who eventually brought about the "destruction of the powerful Assyrian Empire (see Assyria), Gog, in association with Magog, became a general designation for a pow- erful and wicked opponent, and in the later apoc- alyptic writings becomes one of the terms de- scriptive of Antichrist (cf. Rev. xx. 8). The tijuising of Gog and Magog against the kingdom of Christ and their destruction by God Himself is the precursor of the millennium. In the Koran Gog and Magog represent a barbarous people of Central Asia in the days of Dhu-1-Qarnain (Alex- ander the Great). They are also represented as appearing in the last days.

Gog and Magog are names popularly given to the two wooden statues of giants preserved in the Guildhall at London. According to the story, the living prototypes of the two figures were the survivors of a race of giants found in Britain by Brute, son of Antenor of Troy, and by him subdued. They were brought prisoners to London, where they were chained to the gates of a palace on the site of the Guildhall and kept as porters. When they died, their effigies were set up in their place. This is Ca.xton's account; but there is another, which represents one of the giants as Gogmagog. and the other as a British giant who killed him. named Corineus. The two giants have been the pride of London from time immemorial. On London Bridge they welcomed Henry V. in 1415; in 1558 they stood by Temple Bar, when Elizabeth passed through the city gate. The old giants were burned in the great lire, and the new ones were constructed in 1708. They are fourteen feet high, and occupy suitable pedestals in the Guildhall. The ancient effigies, which were made of wickerwork and paste- board, were carried through the streets in the Lord ilayor's shows, and copies of the present giants were in the show of 18.37.

GOGGLE-EYE (so called from its protrud- ing eyes). The rock-bass {Autbloplites rupes- tris), locally so called. See Rock Bass.

GOGGLE-NOSE (so called from the round, black spots on its nose, which resemble goggles). A local name among American gunners for the surf scoter ( duck ). See Scoter.

GOGOL, go'gol, Nikolai Vassiltevitch(1809- 52 ). One of the greatest of Russian writers, born in the Government of Poltava, of a family of Cossack origin. On graduating at the Nyezhin Lyceum he went to Saint Petersburg (1828), and was a clerk in the Department of Appanages in 1830-.32. During these years he published a series of sketches, Erenings at a Farmhouse Xcar Dikan'ka. In these he exploited his per- sonal knowledge and his grandfather's stories of Cossack everyday life. It brought him imme- diate attention and the friendship of Pushkin and Pletnyoff, who obtained for Gogol an in- structorship in literature, and in 1834 an ad- junct professorship in history. This he soon resigned for purely literary work. During 1832- 34 appeared a second series, Mirgorod (collected in 1835), containing among others: Taras Bulba, Old World Proprietors, and How th-e Two Ivans Quarreled. Taras Bulba, rewritteii and enlarged in 1842, is a glowing ])icture of the Cossack struggles with the Catholic Poles and Moham- medan Tatars in the sixteenth century. It is an epic in poetic prose. The two other sketches are minute studies of Lfttle Russian life. The series Arabesqtirs deals with the life of the small middle class in Saint Petersburg. In 1836 ap- peared the comedy Rerizor. which held up to ridicule the ignorance, corruption, trickery, and arbitrariness of provincial officialdom. A mighty cry of treason went up from all who were sup- ported by State money, and but for the will of Nicholas I., who heartily enjoyed it, it would have been immediately withdrawn from the stage. The intense mortification at the general