Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/139

* GBAMMAR SCHOOLS. 117 GRAMONT. hence the title, grammar scliools. The English colonists earrii'd this type of school to America. Such an establishment was attempted in 1021 at Charles City, 'a., but, owing to the troubled character of the times, it had no permanency. In 1G35 the Latin Grammar .School was established in Boston, and it has had a continuous existence to the present time. JIany such schools were estab- lished in Massachusetts, and in 1047 a general school law was passed which contained the fol- lowing provision : "It is further ordered, that where any town shall increase to the number of 100 families or householders, they shall set up a grammar school, the master thereof being able to instruct youth so far as they may be fitted for the university." Similar schools flourished in most of the colonies until near the close of the eighteenth century, when a type of secondary school, called academies, took their place. Toward the middle of the nineteenth century the term grammar school again came into com- mon use in the United States to indicate a type of intermediate school devoted for the most part to the study of English granunar with some at- tention to geography, advanced arithmetic, and history. Previous to this time the only school inferior to the Latin grammar schools and the academies was the elementary school, devoted to the study of the elements of reading, writing, and arithmetic. The system of grading was gradually introduced about the middle of the century in the larger towns of Massachusetts. The elementary and the (English) grammar school were divided into from two to four, usually three, grades each, and were amalgamated into a system under one administration — that of the superintendent of schools. The term 'grammar school' is now com- monly used to designate the upper grades, ordi- narily the fourth to the eighth, inclusive, of the common school, in which not only grammar, but also arithmetic, geography, history, elements of natural science, usually drawing, some form of manual training, and sometimes elementary alge- bra or geometry, with a foreign language, enter into the curriculum. See Common Schools; Education ; iloxASTicisM ; Nationai, Educa- tion. System.? of; Schools; and the several grammar schools enumerated. GRAMMATEtrS. See Schreiber. GRAMMICHELE, gr.am'me-kald, or GRAN- MICHELE. A city in Sicily, 35 miles southwest of Catania (ilap: Italy, J 10). It has stone and clay quarries, and markets grain, wine, cotton, fruit, and cattle. It was founded in 1693 by the Prince of Butera to take the place of the neigh- boring Occhialft. destroyed by an earthquake. Population of commune, in 1881, 11,804; in 1891, 1.5.07.5. GRAMMONT, gra'moN' (Flem. Geertsbergpn, Geeraerdsbergen). A small toii of Belgium, in the Province of East Flanders, situated on both banks of the Dender, 221/4 miles by rail south of Ghent (Map: Belgium, B 4). It has an episco- pal college and manufactures of lace and textiles. Population, in 1890. 10,891; in 1900, 11,999. GRAMMONT, Order of. See Grandmon- tains. Order of. GRAMMYSIA, gram-misl-a (Neo-Lat.. from Gk. ypanfii], gramme, line + //!>f, nij/.s, mussel). A fossil pelecypod shell of clam-like form, with strong concentric folds, and one or more radial furrows e.tending from the umbones diagonally to the ventral margin of the sliell. The genus appears in the Silurian rocks, but is especially abundant in the Middle and Upi)er Devonian marine formations, of which it is quite char- acteristic. The type species is Grannnysia Ha- miltoncnsis, al)out three inches in length. GRAMONT, gra'moN'. The name taken by the ycmnger branch of the family of Aure, noble- men of Navarre. PiiiLinERT ( MoSOl married (1367) Diane d'Andouins (1354-1020), mistress of Henry IV. — Their son, An'toine II. ( ?-lti44), ^^■as Viceroy of Navarre, and was made Duke de Gramont. Of his four sons, two are well known. — Antoine III. (1604-78), Marshal of France, took part in the wars in Holland, Italy, and tiermany, fouglit in the battle of Freiburg, was taken prisoner at Niirdlingen, but was exchanged immediately, and was prominent at the battle of Lens (1648). During the wars of the Fronde he was on the side of the Court. In 1657 he went to Spain to arrange for the marriage of Louis XIV. with the Infanta JIaria Theresa. He mar- ried Frangoise de Chiore, a niece of Richelieu. His Mi'moires were published in 1617. The more important members of the family are treated separately. GRAMONT, Antoine Alfred Ag£nob, Duke de (1819-80). A French diplomat. He was born in Paris, was educated at the Ecole Poly- technique, and studied to prepare himself for the diplomatic service. His opportunity for en- tering diplomatic life did not come until after the coup detat of December 2, 1851. In 1852 Napoleon sent him as Minister Plenipotentiary to Cassel. In the two years following he was transferred to Stuttgart, and then to Turin, each transfer being in the line of promotion. In 1857 he was named Ambassador at Rome, and in 1861 became the representative of the French Empire at Vienna. There he remained until January, 1870, when he was called to Paris to become Jlinistcr of Foreign Affairs in the Olli- vier Cabinet. In this position he played a promi- nent part in the events that led up to the Franco- Prussian War, and was probably responsible, more than any other man, for the precipitancy with which France rushed into the conflict. On July 13th he gave to the Chambers a distorted version of the conduct of Prussia with regard to the Benedetti attair, thereby committing France to the declaration of war which followed on the 19th. On August 9th, after the first reverses to the French arms, he resigned with the rest of the Ollivier Cabinet, amid a storm of abuse from the French press. He spent the remainder of his life in retirement, writing apologies and explana- tions of his conduct, in which he tried to shift the blame for the catastrophe upon others. His principal work was La France et la Pnisse avant In guerre ( 1872). GRAMONT, Philibert. Count de (e.l621- 1707). A celebrated French courtier. He was the son of Antoine, Duke de Gramont. While still very young he served as a volunteer under Conde and Turenne. and distinguished himself by the most chivalric bravery. At the Court of Louis XIV., with this reputation added to his youth, noble birth, a handsome person, fine tal- ents and accomplishments, a lively wit, and good fortune at play, he had the audacity to aspire to be the rival of the King in the affections of one