Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/133

* GRAIN ELEVATOR. Ill GRAINNE NI-MHAILLE. steel floors. Sometimes the bins are made of concrete, with an imbetlilcd steel skeleton ; ele- vators of this construction liave been used more extensively in Europe than in America. Another type of fireproof elevator construction considerably practiced in America, consists in building the storage bins of steel separated from the fireproof buildings containing the operating machinery. A system of pneumatic conveyors for liandiing the grain between the bins and the operating house, and for loading and unloading it, is an essential part of this type of elevator. As an indication of the cliaracter and extent of the elevator business, reference may be made to the records of grain handled by the public ele- vators of Chicago. III. In Illinois the public elevators, like a railway, are compelled to handle all grain submitted to them for storage and trans- shipment up to the limit of their capacity, and without discrimination, so long as the grain is not diseased or otherwise injured. For this ser- vice they are permitted to charge any rate up to a ma.vimum of IVi cents per bushel for the first ten days or portion thereof, and of V2 cent per bushel for each ten days afterwards. The total storage capacitv of the public elevators of Chicago in 1000 was' .31,900,000 bushels of grain at one time, and the capacity of individual ele- vators ranged from 700,000 bushels to 4,000,000 bushels. These elevators, working together, were capable of unloading 2245 carloads of grain every ten hours. The total amount of grain received into stores by these elevators in 1900 was 72,- 901,273 bushels. GRAINGER, gran'jer, James (c.1721-66). An English physician and poet. He was educat- ed at a school in North Berwick, and studied medicine at Edinburgh. After three years of army life (1745-48) he settled in London, but had so little success in medicine that he turned to literature. Besides making a Translation of the Elcijies of Tibiilhis and of the Poems of .S'm7- picia (1759), sharply criticised in Smollett's Critical Rerieir, and rendering some assistance in the preparation of Charlotte Lemiox's trans- lation of Briimoy's Theatre des (rrees (1759), he wrote, during his travels in the West Indies, a. long poem in heroic style on fiiigar Canr. This was published in 1764. after it had provoked Dr. .Toluison's ridicule because of a minute description of rats in the cane-fields. Grainger's collected poems were printed in 1801. Besides a. dissertation, De Modo ExeUandi Ptya- lismtim, he wrote: Bisforia Fehris Anomulw Batarw anitornm IT'iG, etc.; Accednnt Monita Siphi/Uca (1753) ; "An Obstinate Case of Dysen- tery Cured liy Lime Water," in Essai/s Physical and Literarij (1756), and an Essaii on the More Common West India Diseases (1764). He died at Saint Christopher, of West India fever. GRAINING. A European cyprinoid fish (Leiiciscns Laneastriensis) . of certain streams of the we<t of England and in some of the lakes of Switzerland. It is rather more slender than the dace: in its habits and food resembles the trout ; rises readily at the artificial fly ; and aff'ords good sport to the angler. It may reach half a. yioimd in weight, and is excellent eating. GRAINING (from grain, from Icel. prein, Swed., Xonveg. gren, branch : a doublet of groin ). Pishing with the grain, a sort of pitchfork or spear. There are many varieties of grains, from the five-tine pattern, set crosswise, to the single- tine harpoon of the whaler. In some of its forms, notiibly that used in the captire of swordMsh, the liead of the grain remains in the fish after it is sti-uck, attached to a line, but tbe handle is withdrawn. The most frciiucntly used is one with two prongs, each lialf barbed inwardly. GRAIN-INSECTS. Several insects attack and damage stored grain of all sorts. The most conspicuous one is the caterpillar of a small, grayish-brown and black tineid moth (delechia cerealella), allied to the clothes-moth and called •corn-moth' in Great Britain, but known in the United States as fly-weevil and ^Vngoumois grain- moth, from the old Province of Angoumois, France, where it has long l)ccn extremely destruc- tive. It is most abundant in our Southern States, where, on account of it, grain cannot long be stored. It may at times attack other sub- stances, such as books, pasteboard, woolen goods, or even wood. Salt mixed with the grain is said to be useful in checking the ravages of the larvae, and the frequent turning over of the grain de- stroys both eggs and larva;. When emptied, granaries should be thoroughly cleaned and whitewashed. A different tineid, also called grain-moth {Tinea. graiieUa), is another widespread and seri- ous pest, especially to stored wheat; and a third moth {Ephestia 'kiihinella), which since 1877 has been a source of vast damage in Europe, ap- peared in destructive numbers in North Ajuerica about 1800. It multiplies with amazing rapidity, makes clots in flour or meal, or binds together grains of wheat, Indian corn, etc., by its silk- spinning and voracious caterpillars, and is ex- tremely difi^icult to get rid of. Another de- structive species of the si^me genus is also known. Consult Insect Life, vol. ii. (Washington, 1800). QRAIN-MOTH AND ITS EFFECTS. A, adult AugoumoiB moth (Oelecltin cerealella); h, a ker- nel of maize, inhabited by a caterpillar; c, part of an ear perforated by caterpillars. , , Small beetles (weevils) of various kinds attack stored grain, especially those of the genus Calan- dra. They are minute, mimerous, and lay eggs- upon the kernels; the larvae hatched from' these; bore into and consume the body of the grain,, whence they emerge as perfect beetles in the; autumn. The most approved remedy is to sub- mit the grain to dry heat of not less than 130° F., or to the fumes of carbon disulphide. See, also, Corn-Insects ; and for insects attacking growing cer^'als, see the articles Wheat In- sects ; Rice Insects ; etc. GRAINNE NT-MHAILLE, gra'nv:! ne mii'- lya. or (iijANAii.E (Anglicized. Grace O'Malley) . A noted Irish chieftainess and sea queen in the