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* GRAFF. 102 GKAFSTROM. served in an honest and admirable manner the features of Lessing, Schiller, Mendelssohn, and many others of his celebrated contemporaries. GRAFF, EBERU.4.RD Gottlieb (17S0-1841). A German philologist. He was boni at Elbing, Prussia, and was educated at Kijnigsberg, where he became professor of the German language in 1824. A pupil of Jacob Grimm and Lachmann, he followed in the footsteps of these eminent scholars, and produced several philological works distinguislied by careful researcli, such as his valuable discussion on Old High German, entitled Althoclidcutschcr Spradischatz (G vols., 1835- 43). GRAFF, Feederick (1775-1847). An Ameri- can engineer, born in Philadelphia. He learned the trade of a carpenter, and later became a skill- ful draughtsman. He was an assistant to H. B. Latrobe in the construction of the first Philadel- phia water-works, becoming chief engineer and superintendent of the system in 1805. Subse- quently he jdanned and constructed tlie new city water-works at Fairmount Park, introducing iron pipes and fire-plugs and stop-cocks of his own invention. The success of this system won for him a wide reputation, and he was a consulting engineer in the execution and expansion of sim- ilar works at Xew York, Boston, and numerous other cities. He remained in the service of the city of Philadelphia for forty-two years. GRAFFENRIED, grji'fen-ret, Christopher, Baron de ( ?-1735). A Swiss nobleman, who es- tablished a colony of Swiss and Germans in Xorth Carolina. In 1709 the Lords Proprietors of Caro- lina granted to him ten thousand acres on the Neuse and Cape Fear rivers, and soon afterwards a large number of Palatines and Swiss followed him to the confluence of the Trent and Xeuse, where they founded a town Avhich they called Xew Bern in his honor, Bern, Switzerland, having been his birthplace. While he and Lawson. the surveyor-general of the province, were exploring the Xeuse River in 1711 they were captured by the Tuscarora. Indians, who had become incensed at the encroachments of the colonists, and Lawson was soon put to death, though Graffenried. after many weeks, was allowed to return on condition that no settlements should be made without the sanction of the native chiefs. Graffenried soon afterwards sold his possessions in Xorth America and returned to Switzerland. GRAFFIGNY, graffe'ny*', Fr.xcoise d'Is- SEMKOURG d'Happoxcourt DE (1695-1758). A French author, born at Xancy. She was mar- ried when young to Francois Hugues de Graffigny, chamberlain to the Duke of Lorraine, from whom she obt^iincd a separation. In 1738 she spent an unhappy few months with ^Madame du Chatelet. the friend of Voltaire, where she was accused of having stolen a copy of La Pucelle. She published her first novel in 1740, but it was not until her Lettres d'une Peruvienne (1747) appeared that she became famous in the society of her time. Her salon was a literary centre of Paris. In 1750 her drama. Ccnie was played with great success, but another comedy, hn fille d'Aristide (1758), failed completely, and this, says the Abb# de Voisenou, hastened her death. Her complete works were published in 1788. and her letters, under the title Tie privce de Voltaire et de Madame du Chatelet, in 1820 (reedited with a biography, 1879). Consult Guerle, Madame de (Jmlfiyny (Xancy, 1882). GRAFFITI, graf-fe'te (It., scribblings) . An interesting and important class of ancient in- scriptions. The grallito is a rude scribbling or scratching on the plaster of a wall, a pillar, or a door-post. Such scribblings are pretty commonly found on the substructions of Roman ruins, as in the golden house of Xero, and the palace of the Ciesars on the Palatine, and in still greater numbers in Pompeii and in the Roman catacombs. Their literary value, of course, is very slight ; but as illustrating the character and habits of a certain class of the ancient Romans, and what may be called the 'street life' of the classic period, they are deserving of study. They are also valu- able for tlie light they throw on the forms of the alphabet in daily use, and the vulgarisms and corruptions existing in the speech of the common people. The graffiti of Pompeii are far the most numerous and important, forming upward of one-half the inscriptions from that place. A few are in Greek, many in Oscan, but most of them are Latin. They include nominations to office, advertisements, caricatures, single names, words of greeting or abuse; but the favorite sub- ject of the scribblers was love, sometimes in verse quoted, adapted, or original. Of the Roman graffiti, the most famous is the one fotmd on the Palatine, showing a man worshiping a cross on which is suspended a figure with the head of an ass; a Greek inscription says it is Alex- amenus worshiping his god. Consult: Lanciani, Ancient iJo-me '(Boston, 1887), and Wiinsch, Sethianische Verfluchunc/stafeln (Leipzig, 1898). The interpretation of the scene as a parody of the Crucifixion is by no means certain ; it is very possibly the confession of Alexamenus of his membership in the Gnostic sect which worshiped Typhon-Set. The graffiti of Pompeii are col- lected by Garucci, in Graffiti de Pompci (2d ed., Paris, 1856). Consult also Fiorelli, Mmiumenta Epigraphiea Pompeiana I. (Xaples, 1854-56; 2d ed., giving the Oscan inscriptions, 1856) ; Cor- pus Inscriptionum Latinarum, vol. iv. (Berlin, 1871 ; supplement in preparation). The later dis- coveries are scattered through periodicals, or un- collected. For Rome, consult Correra, "Graffiti di Roma," in BoUettino della cotnmissione muni- cipale archcologica (Rome, 1893 et seq. ). GRAFLE, graf'le, Albert (1809-89). A Ger- man historical, genre, and portrait painter, born at Freiburg, where he studied philosophy at the university. In 1827 he went to Munich and be- came pupil of Cornelius and Schnorr at the acad- emy, and from 1840 studied under Winterhalter in Paris, where he was awarded a gold medal in 1846. After traveling in France and England, he settled in JIunich in 1852. Besides the "Triumph of Arminius" (Karlsruhe Gallery), and some altarpieces, his more important productions in- clude: "The Seasons and the Divisions of the Day," and "Corpus Christi Procession of Peasant Women" (I860), both in the grand-ducal palace at Karlsruhe: and "Conradin Taking Farewell of his Mother, Elizabeth of Bavaria." He also painted many portraits of royalties (Queen Vic- toria, etc.), and for Castle Linderhof, Bavaria, a series of twenty celebrities — men and famous beauties — in the time of Louis XIV. GRAFSTROM, griif'strem. Anders Abr.ham ( 1790-1870) . A Swedish poet, born at Sundsvall.