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* GRADY. 100 GRAF. uting also articles to various magazines on the prospects and conditions of the South. In 1886 he delivered a remarkable speech before the New England Society in New York on "The New South," which was widelj' copied throughout the countrj'. A few days before his death he de- livered another notable oration in Boston on "The Future of the Negro." He died at Atlanta, Ga., December 23, 1889. A public hospital and a monument in Atlanta commemorate his services, which were important in themselves and were especially influential on account of the fact that Mr. Grady was one of the first prominent repre- sentatives of the New South to express the will- ingness of that generation and section to throw in their lot vith the rest of the nation. For his Life, consult Lee (New York, 1896), in which also some of his speeches and articles are in- cluded. GRiE.ffi (Lat., from Gk. Tpalm, Gi-aiai, from ypaia, a. SeeVioRGO; Peuseus. GR^COS'TASIS (Lat., from Gk. TpaiKdaram;, Graikostasis, Greek place). A hall near the Temple of Concord in the Roman Forum. It served as the place of assembly for foreign am- bassadors, who there awaited the summons to ap- pear before the Roman Senate. GRAEFE, gra'fe, Albeecht von (1828-70). A German ophthalmologist. He was born in Berlin, where his father. Karl Ferdinand von Graefe. a noted surgeon, held a professorship at the university. Graefe took his medical degree in Berlin in 1847, and then pursued the speciil study of ophthalmology in Prague. Vienna. Paris, and London. In 1850 he returned to Berlin and founded there a private hospital for diseases of the eve. By means of his investigations and his success in difficult operations, he soon became recognized as the leading authority in this branch of medical science. He founded in 1855 the Archiv fur OplithalmoJo'jie, and was the author of numerous scientific monographs of great value. In 1857 he was made professor extraordinary, in 1S60 ordinary professor, of disea.ses of the eye. Graefe may be regarded as the founder of modern ophthalmology. The invention of the ophthal- moscope by Helmholtz in 1851 opened up nen- possibilities to the science, of which Graefe hastened to take advantage. By use of the in- strument he improved vastly the methods of cure for glaucoma. He also introduced new operative methods in cases of strabismus, which established a favorable prognosis in many cases which until then had been considered hopeless. Graefe was also considered an authority on diseases of the brain, and was the first to recognize the im- portance of diseases of the eye in the diagrnosis of such cases. Consult: Michaelis. Albrecht von Graefe. sein Lehen und WWken (Berlin, 1877) : Jaeobson, Alhreeht von Grnefes Terdienste iim di'' neuerc Ophthahnoloqie (Berlin. 1885) : and Al- fred Graefe. Ein Wort zur Erinnerung an Al- brecht von Graefe (Halle, 1870). GRAEFE, Alfred Karl ( 1830-99). A German pliysician; cousin of Albrecht von Graefe. He was born at Martinskirchen. studied medicine in various German universities and in Paris, acted as an assistant to Albrecht von Graefe in Berlin from 1834 to 1858, and afterwards was professor of diseases of the eye at Halle, which position, however, he resigned in 1892. He founded at Halle an ophthalmic hospital which attracted man}' tliousands of patients, and devised a method of operating whereby, without injury to the eye, parasites deeply lodged in that organ could be removed. He WTote a number of papers on ophthalmology', and published, in conjunction with Siimisch. Handbiiclt der gesammten- Augcnheil- kuiulc (1874-80). GRAEME, gram, Malcolm. The King's ward in Scott's Lady of the Late, Who goes over to the side of the rebel Douglas, but is finally par- doned through the interposition of the outlaw's daughter Ellen. GRAEME, Roland. Lady Avenel's page in Scotfs Abbot, who is finally discovered to be the riglitful heir of Avenel Castle. GRAESSE, gres'se, Johann Georg Tiieodor ( 1814-85) . A German antiquary, born at Grimma and educated at Leipzig. He was appointed di- rector of the Royal Numismatic collection at Dres- den (1878). from which position he retired in 1882. Graesse's more important writings are: Lehrbuch einer aUgemeinen Litterargeschichte (1837-59); Tresor de livres rares et precieux (1858-69) ; a translation of the Gesta Romano- rum (1842); an edition of the Legenda Aurea (1846); Die Sage vom cirigen Juden (1844); Die Sage vom. Bitter Tannhiiuser (1846); Bei- trdge xur Litteratur und Sage des Mittelalters (1850) ; Geschlechts-, ^^amen- vnd Wappensagen des Adels deutscher Xation ( 1870) ; Des deutschen Landmanns Praktika (1858); the very valu- able guide to Latin geographical names. Orbis Latinus (1861); the guides and text-books: Handbuch der alten ynmismafik (1853) ; Guide de Vamatenr d'objets d'art et de curiosite (2d ed. 1877) ; Guide de I'amateur de poreelaines et de poteries (9th edition by .Jitnnicke. 1901) ; and Unsere ^'or- und Tnufnamen (1875). In 1878 he began to edit a Zeitschrift fiir Museologie. GRAETZ, grets. Heinrich ( 1817-91 ). A .Jew- ish historian, born at Xions. Province of Posen. After an academic course at the universities of Berlin and .Jena, wheie he graduated in 1845, he was for some time a preacher, but. finding himself imsuited for this career, devoted himself to teaching, and became an instructor at the Breslau Seminary in 1854. Here he remained un- til 1870, when he received a professorship at the University of Breslau. His principal work is the history entitled Geschichte der Juden von den altesten Zeiten his avf die Gegenicart (1853-70; popular edition 1888-89). The work is skillfully arranged, and. although somewhat unequal in merit— the first four volumes being the best — it evidences minute research. It has been trans- lated into Hebrew. Russian, French, English, and several other languages, and parts of it have been freqtiently reprinted. GRAF, griif (Ger., count). In the early Mid- dle .ges an Imperial or royal officer, like the