Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/120

* GBACKLE. GKACKLE. Sec Grakle. GRADE CROSSING. The intersection of a railroad track or right of way with a highway or private road or another railroad. Tlie corre- sponding phrase in England is 'level crossing.' It is the duty of a person using the highway or private road at such crossing to exercise due care in looking and listening for approaching trains. What amounts to due care depends large- ly upon the facts of each case ; such as the dis- tance which the traveler can see along the track, the ease with which he can traverse the crossing or retreat from a point of danger, and the sig- nals which are given by the road. On the other hand, the railroad is also bound to exercise due care in warning travelers of the approach of its trains, and in attempting to avoid collision with those using the crossing. In the absence of a statute or ordinance requiring gates or gviards- inen at crossings, failure to supply them is not negligence on the part of the company. Acts of Parliament require all English railroads to main- tain gates at level crossings, with proper per- sons to open and close them : to slacken speed to four miles an hour at such crossings adjoining a station, and jirohibit shunting at such cross- ings. It is also their duty to keep level crossings in proper repair and to open gates promptly for travelers. Similar statutes exist in some of our States. Even though a railroad company fails to do its duty at a grade crossing, it will not be liable in damages to a person whose injury is not solely due to such failure, but is due in part to his own carelessness. He is not entitled to re- cover if his own negligence contributed to the accident. See Negligexce: Carrier, Common; Railways, and the authorities there cited. GRADENEE, gi-ii'dc-ner, Hermann (1844 — ). An Austrian musician, a son of Karl Griidener. He was born at Kiel, After study- ing with his father he attended the Vienna Consen-atory. He taught violin at several music schools of Vienna, and in 1899 began to lecture on hannony and counterpoint at the university there. He is also conductor of the Vienna Sing- akademie. He has written a number of merito- rious compositions for orchestra, chamber-music, and pianoforte. GRADENER, K.rl (1812-831. A German musician, liorn at Rostock. After studying music under Violoncellist !Mattstadt and others, he was engaged at Helsingfors and subsequently at Kiel, where for ten years he was director of music at the imiversity. From 1851 to 1861 he conducted the singing academy which he had founded at Hamburg. After an associa- tion of three years with the Vienna Conservatory he was appointed president of the Tonkiinstler- Verein of Hamburg. His excellent choral works include the oratorio Johannes der Tiiufer. His other compositions, which are distinguished by fine harmonic effects, include two symphonies, the overture to "Fiesco," a pianoforte concerto; and considerable chamber-music. GRADENIGO, gra'da-ne'g6. Pietro (1249- 1311). A Doge of Venice, elected in 1289. Un- der him the law was pa.ssed suppressing election for the recruitment of the Council of Forty and leaving to the aristocracy the choice of its mem- bers. Gradenico was involved in various wars, especially against the Genoese (1294-09). In 1310 he defeated the conspiracy of the Tiepoli. 98 GRADUATION. GRAD'GRIND, Thomas. A thoroughly prac- tical utilitarian in Dickens's Hard Times. GRADISCA, gra-dls'ka. A town of Austria in the coast district of Giirz and Gradisca, on the right bank of the Isonzo, near the Italian frontier, about 30 miles northwest of Triest (Map: Austria, C 4). It has an ancient citadel and a large silk-mill. The old fortifica- tions have been destroyed and replaced by fine squares and promenades. Population, in 1890, 3352: in 1900, 3843. Gradisca was the capital of the old county of Gradisca. GRADUAL. (1) In the liturgj- of the Ro- man aaid other Westei-u churches, that portion of the mass which intervenes between the epistle and the gospel, and consists of a few verses of the Holy Scriptures, generally taken from the Psalms. It was originally called the 'Respon- sum,' or 'Cantus Responsorius :' but, probably for the sake of distinguishing it from other portions of the seiwice called by the same name, its pres- ent appellation has been substituted. The name is derived from the place at which this response was chanted, and which was either the ambo, or chanting pulpit, which is approached by steps ( (inidiis ), or the steps themselves, whether of the ambo or of the altar. Originally, as we find from Saint Augustine, the gradual consisted of an entire psalm, and in the mass of the first Sunday in Lent the entire ninety-first (ninetieth in the Vulgate) psalm is chanted. In the Am- brosian liturgy- the gradual is jxirtly from the Old and partly from the Xew Testament. The gradual, in the Roman liturgy', is always followed by the 'Alleluia,' except in penitential time, when a" slow and mournful chant, called the 'tract,' is substituted. (2) The liturgical book which eon- tains the music of the part of the mass sung by the choir. The official editions now current were published at Regensburg by the Congrega- tion of Rites, folio in 1872, octavo in 1877. GRADUAL PSALM, Psalm of the Steps, or Song of Degrees (Heb. sliJr hamnia'aloth, Gk. i}ff] ava'iaBui'jv, ode anahnthmoti. Lat. eanti- cum graduum. song of the steps) . A name given, both by the Hebrews and in the Christian ser- vice books, to one of the fifteen psalms, cxx.- cxxxiv. ( in the Vulgate cxix.-cxxxiii.) . The origin of the name is uncertain. In rabbinical litera- ture it is traced to a legendary incident con- nected with the building of the second temple, or explained as an allusion to the fifteen steps by which the temple was reached (Ezek. xl.,22 sqq.). The most plausible opinion is to connect these psalms either with the 'going up' from Babylon to .Jerusalem or with the 'ascent' of the temple mount. In either case the psalms would be 'pilgrim's songs,' and the content.s, though re- flecting political and religious conditions of va- rious periods, all emphasize the longing of the pious Israelite for Jehovah's temple or express his joy upon beholding it. The composition of the entire series belongs to the post-exilic period of Hebrew literature. They are not the work of a single hand, nor were they produced at a single time, being united simply by the same heading attached to each one, "They form part of the fifth division of the Psalter. These psalms in the Roman Catholic Church are recited on each Wednesday in Lent. See Psalms. GRADUATION (ML. (jradvatio. from qradu. are, to give a degree, from Lat, gradus, degree,