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* GOWRIE CONSPIRACY. 92 GOYAZ. seirants were hanged, the estates of the Ruthvens were coniiseatetl, their name and honors were abol- ished, and the house in which the strange event took place was destroyed. In explanation of the mystery it has been suggested that the Ruthvens were the tools of Queen Elizabeth, who may have wished to secure possession of the King's person in order to control Scotland in his name, but in her own interest. Possibly, however, there was no plot — a quarrel over the debt may have led to violence, after which the King, with the help of the Court, may liave contrived the story to hide his own fault. Consult: Register of the Privy Council of Scotland, vi.; Acta Pari. Scot., iv. ; Mackenzie, An Historical Account of the Con- spiracies h;/ the Ikirls of Goury and Eohcrt Logan of Restalri(i Aqainst Kinfi James TI. (Edinburgh, 1713) ; Wiiite', The Earl of Goicry: A Tragedy (London. 1845) ; Barbc. Tragedy of Gowrie House (Paisley, 1887) ; Winwood, Memorials of Affairs of State in the Reigns of Queen Elizabeth and King James (London. 1725) ; Pitcairn, An- cient Criminal Trials in Scotland (Edinburgh, 18.33) ; Calderwood, History of the Kirk of Scot- land (Edinhnrgh. 1842-49) : Spottiswoode, His/ori/ of the Church, of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1851); Laing, History of Scotland, i. (London, 1819). GOYANA, go-yii'na. A city of Brazil, in the State of Pernambuco, situated on the Goyana River, 18 miles from its mouth (Map: Brazil, L 5 ) . It has an active trade in sugar, cotton, and dyewood. During the war with the Dutch in the seventeenth century, Goyana was an im- portant centre. Population, 15,000. GOYA Y LUCIENTES, go'yil s loo'the-.-m'- tas, Franclsco (1740-1828). The leading painter of tJie Spanish School in the eighteenth cen- tury. He was born Jlarch 30 or 31, 1746, near Saragossa. According to one tradition, his family were peasants in extreme poverty; according to another, his father was a gilder, who was able to do something for the welfare of his son. At the age of twelve we find Francisco at Saragossa in the academy which Jose Lusan y ilartinez, a painter of ability, who had studied in the Neapolitan School, had established. According to tradition, Goya was obliged to leave Saragossa on account of some escapade, and went to JIadrid. where he was powerfully affected by the works of Velaz- quez (q.v. ). After some years in Madrid he went to Rome. He studied the Italian masters rather by contemplation than by actual copying, and in Rome, as everywhere, was most interested in the picturesque life of the people. In 1775 Goya re- turned to JIadrid. He was employed by Raphael Jlengs. then Superintendent of Fine Arts in Ma- drid, to design cartoons for the royal manufac- tory of tapestries at Santa Barbara intermit- tently until 1791. Some of these cartoons are in the Museum of the Prado. About 1780-81 he decorated a chapel of the Clnirch of Santa Maria del Pilar at Saragossa, and between 1787 and 1798 he painted the decoration of the palace of Alameda near Madrid. Goya's most monumental work is the decoration of the Church of San Antonio de la Florida, near ^lanzanares. finished in 1708. a series of religious pictures from the life of Saint Anthony, in the manner of Tiepolo. This is the period of his greatest success. In 1788 he was made member by merit of the Academy of San Fernando in Madrid, and in the same year painter of the Chamber to the new King, Charles IV. Ten years later he was made chief painter of the Chamber. He was created Lieutenant Di- rector of the Academy of San Fernando in the j)lace of Andreas Calleja in 1793. The insurrection of Marcli 19, 1808, which ended tlic reign of Charles IV.. interrupted the career of Goya. He endeavored to associate him- self with the Bonapartes. even serving on the commission to select fifty of the best Spanish pictures for the Louvre. After a time, however, the French occupation exasperated him. After the return of the Bourljon King Ferdinand VII. in 1813, Goya was reinstated as painter of the Chamber. His political views forced him to leave Spain, and in 1822 he visited Paris for the first time. With the exception of a short visit to Madrid in 1827. when his portrait was painted by his successor, Vicente Lopez, he passed the rest of his life at Bordeaux, where he died April 16, 1828. The chief interest of Goya was with the lower classes. He loved a vagabond life, and even at the summit of his success w'as most often to be found in the resorts of the common people. From them were taken the motives and subjects for the immense mass of drawings, etchings, water-colors, genre pictures, and portraits which he left. His palette was very simple. He painted directly, without glazes. His brilliant style was unique, but his technical qualities were founded u])on a jjrofound study of the great technicians of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Goya, was quite celebrated as a portrait painter, but his portraits were only good when the sub- ject pleased him. Among his best portraits are. one of liimself. in the Academy of San Fer- nando; a group of Charles IV. and his familj', in the Prado; equestrian porti'aits of Charles IV. and his Queen, Maria Louisa, in the Prado. He apjiears at his best in the marvelous double portrait of "La Maya," in the Academy of San Fernando, representing a beautiful young girl, lightly draped. As an etcher, he is of almost equal importance. His series "Los ca- prichos" (Caprices) is a bitter satire upon gov- eninient. religion, and society; "Los desastres de la guerra" (Disasters of War), the testament of a Liberal, and the "Tauromaquia" (Bull-Fight) are among the best of his series of etchings. All reveal a great master, both in technique and con- ception, and the deep study of Rembrandt. For his liibliography. consult: Yriarte (Paris, 1SG7) ; Lefort (ib.. 'l877) : Zapater y Gomez (Saragossa, 1808) ; Hamerton, in Portfolio (Lon- don. 1879) ; Vifiaza (JIadrid, 1887) ; and La- fond, in Revue de I'Art, vol. v. (Paris, 1899). GOYAZ, g6-yiiz' (from the extinct Indian tribe of Guayazes). A State of Brazil, bounded by the State of Maranbilo on the north; by Maranhao, Piauhy, Baliia, and Minas Geraes on the east; by Minas Geraes on the south; and by Pars and Matto Grosso on the west (Map: Brazil. H 6). Area, 288,470 square miles. Goyaz forms a part of the Brazilian table-land, and is traversed by a number of mountain ranges in the south and along the eastern boundary. Forfsts are found only along the rivers, but a large part of the State is covered with a low brushwood. The chief rivers are the Tocantins, which runs through the central part of the State in a northern direction, and the Araguayii, which forms the western boundary. Little is known of the northern part of Goyaz. The climate is