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* GOUT. 87 GOVERNMENT. waters, colchicum, lithium salts, pipcrazine, mer- curials, iodides, quinine, antipyrin, guaiac, and certain other drugs. There is no routine treat- ment for the disease; the patient mvist be stud- ied and treated according to the nature of the case. Consult Haig, Vric Acid in the Causation vf Disease (London, 1894). GOUVEE.NEXTR, goo'ver-ner. A village in Saint Lawrence County, N. Y., 35 miles south of Ogdensburg, on the Oswegatchie River and on the Xew York Central and Hudson River Rail- road (Jlap: Xew York. El). It has extensive mai'ble and wood-pulp interests, iron-mines, talc mines and mills, and other manufactures. There is a public lilirary, and the water-works are owned bv the mnnicipality. Population, in 1890, 3458; in 1900, 36S9. GOtrviON, gUo'vi'oN, Laurent, Marquis de Saint-Cyr. See Saixt-Cyr. GOUVY, goiyve, Theodore Louis (1822-98). A German pianist and composer, born at GotTon- taine, near Saarbriicken, in Rhenish Prussia. At the age of twenty-one he was a. student of law in Paris, but abandoned that profession for music. After a thorough course of study in Berlin and Rome, including three years xmder the celebrated Elwart, he returned in 1846 to Paris, and gave his first concert under verv successful auspices one year later. The programme consisted of his own compositions. He was throughout his life a popular teaclier in both France and Germany. In the former country he was made a chevalier of the Legion of Honor in 18S6. His works in- clude: ^[issa Brreis for solo, chorus, and or- chestra: Friihliiirts ErwacJien. for soprano solo, male chorus, and orchestra ; a Requiem High Mass; Oolqotha, a sacred cantata; several dra- matic cantatas, and numerous smaller vocal and instrumental pieces. His compositions, which had a considerable vogue, contain many elements of permanency, and are chSraeterized throughout by a melodious blending of solid German and graceful French harmonic construction. He died at Leipzig. GOV AN, guv'on. A burgh in the shires of Lanark and Renfrew, Scotland, on the left bank of the Clyde. Its prosperity depends upon Glas- gow, which has embraced it within its natural boundaries (Jlap: Scotland, D 4). It contains large ship-building yards, engineering works, foundries, and other industrial establishments. Population, in 1891. (i3.625: in 1901. 76.351. In the sixteenth century this ancient village was one of the largest in Scotland, and down to the middle of the seventeenth century bore the name of '!Meiklc Covane.' GOVERNMENT (OF. government, gouverne- nienf, Fr. gouveriienicnt, from Lat. gtibcrnare, to govern, steer, from Gk. Kvpepvav, kj/bernan, to steer). Tn the most general sense, any orderly arrangement and management of affairs, espe- cially in human society. It is in this sense that we employ the term, in such widely related ex- pressions as the divine government, household government, and the like. Specifically the term is most commonly used as a condensed expression for political government, or the authoritative regiTlation of the affairs of a political community or State. Though often confused Avith the State itself, government, is more properly conceived of as the external political organization of the State, as the mode in which, and the agencies by which, the State puts forth its energies. A State may thus completely change its political organ- ization without losing its political identity, as the French nation has in little more than a cen- tury passed through all the phases of govern- ment from absolute monarchy to republican de- mocracy, withoiita changein itsessentialcharactcr and unity a.s a. State. Indeed, we may con- ceive of a State as existing without any govern- ment, the authority of the latter in the i)reserva- tion of order and the enforcement of obligations being su])plied by mutual cooperation and good- will on tlie part of the citizens. It is at the realization of such a State, and not at the disso- lution of all civic and social relations, that the philosophic anarchy of the present day is aimed. The imaginary 'state of nature,' pictured by Rousseau and other writers of the eighteenth century, involves, on the other hand, the com- plete negation of the State, i.e. of all civic rela- tions, as well as of government. It does not seem likely that humanity will ever be able to dispense with either. With the gi-owing com- plexity of hiiman affairs, the necessity for the organization of society in political communities grows ever greater, and there are no indications of the disappearance of those predatory instincts of luiman nature upon which the necessity for organized government is based. N.iTtTRE OF Government. Government means authority, and in the last analysis all govern- ment rests upon force, i.e. upon the power of con- straining the action of any citizen or any number of citizens through the organized agencies of the State. This power may not be wisely or uni- formly exercised : it may even, in the case of the modem industrial State, seldom or never be openly exerted; but no government can exist without it, and a government is partial and in- complete, or perfect and complete, in proportion as it is able to command this power. The mere fact that the governing authorities of a State tolerate certain forms of injustice, or refuse or neglect to enforce certain laws, does not detract from the completeness of the government, so long as it has in reserve the power to compel obGdience to its decrees. But a government may be one of limited powers, not because of any inherent lack of force, but because its authority is restricted by its constitution to a limited class of matters. Such limitation may be voluntary, as is the case in the United States and the self-governing colonies of Great Britain, where governmental power is distributed between the several States and the central government, or it may be im- posed upon a State by the action of a paramount State, as is the case with Cuba under the recent convention with the United States. In much the same sense, we may speak of the government of minor political divisions of a State, as of cities, tcwns. and counties. a.s a government of limited powers. Within the sphere of their chartered authority, these may have ample governmental powers, but the scope of that authority and the field of its exercise are strictly limited by the grant or charter conferring it. The two most striking facts in connection with political government are. first, its universality, and, second. Jhe variety of forms in which it has manifested itself. It has existed in all stages of human society, and. in at least a rudimentary form, in every considerable group of- men and ■women united for a common purpose. This uni-