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* GOURAMI. 84 GOUROFF. spawn is hatched, alterwards affording a similar parental prutectiun to the young fry. This fisli is usually regarded as the best table fish of Eastern waters, and has been artificially cultivated for a long period in tanks, etc., by the jMalays and Dutch of the East Indies. It is hardy and omnivorous, and was long ago carried to India, Mauritius, Australia, and even to the French West Indies, thriving well in all these places and multiplying in the local streams. GOURD, gdrd or gJTord (Fr. gourde. Port. cougourdo. It. cucuzza, from Lat. cucurhita, gourd). The name gourd, or its equivalent, as employed in Europe includes squashes and pumpkins, but in America it is confined largely to the inedible hard-shelled fruits of certain members of the fannly Cucurbitaeese. The more common American gourds are Lagenaria vul- garis and some small egg and pear shaped orna- mental fruits belonging to Cucurbita pepo, var. ovifera. The former is a rampant climbing vine, W'hich finds considerable use as a cover for un- sightly places. On account of their shapes, the fruits are frequently used for dippers, bottles, or dishes, after their contents have been removed and they have been soaked to get rid of the bitter principle. These and smaller ornamental gourds are all of the easiest culture, requiring about the same treatment as do squashes. See Bottle- Gourd ; Calabash Gourd; Cucumber. See Plate of CuciTMBER Allies. GOURD FAMILY. See Cucurbitace.s;. GOURDSEED. A local name in the Western United States for the Missouri or black-horse sucker {<'i/clrptus cloiigatr(s). See Sucker. GOURGAUD, goor'gS', Gaspard, Baron (1783- 1S52). A French general, born at Versailles. After serving with distinction in the various cam- paigns of Napoleon from 1805 until 1813, he was appointed his adjutant-general. He accompanied Napoleon to Saint Helena, but was compelled for political reasons to leave the island in 1818, after he had assisted Napoleon in preparing his Memoires. In 1832 he became aide-de-camp to Louis Philippe, and in 1S41 was appointed to the House of Peers. His principal publications are: La caiiipagne de ISlfi (London. 1818): Memoires pour servir a Vhistoire dc France sous Xapolfon, Merits a Saint HHene sons la dictie de Vempereur (8 vols., London and Paris, 1822-4) ; and Refutation dc la vie de Napoleon par Sir Walter Scott (2 vols., Paris, 1827). GOUBGUES, goorg, Dominique de (1530-93). A French .soldier and adventurer, born in Mont- de-Marsan, Gascony. In his youth he served in Italy with the French armies under Marechal de Strozzi and in 1557 was captured by the Spanish at Siena. He was condenmcd to the galleys, where he w'as still serving, two years later, when his ship W'as captured by the Turks. The change of masters brought no immediate relief, and he was still kept at the oar, until the vessel fell in turn into the hands of the Knights of Malta, by ■whom he was set at liberty. His rough life had bred in him a love of adventure, and in the next few years voyages to Africa, to Brazil, and other far-off regions increased his experience, and won for him renowni as a leader of men and a sailor. He returned to France at a time when reports of a tragedy on the other side of the globe were stirring the blood of all Frenchmen and of French Huguenots in particular. This was the story of how the year before ( 1565), although France and Spain were at peace, iMcncndez (q.v.) and a Spanish force had descended upon the French Hu- guenot settlement of Jean Kibault at Fort Caro- line on the Florida coast, had massacred the greater part of tlie colonists, and had afterwards lunig a large body of Ribault's followers under a ])lacard, which I'ead, "Not as to Frenclimen, but as to Heretics." Gourgucs planned to wreak vengeance with his own hands. He sold his fam- ily estate, borrowed all the money he could, and fitted out three small ships, manned with SO sail- ors and 150 arquebusiers, for the ostensible pur- pose of kidnaping negroes in Africa. Sailing in August, 1507, to the coast of Benin (Africa), he secured a cargo of negroes with which he sailed across the Atlantic, and which he sold to the Spaniards in the West Indies. He landed near the mouth of the Saint John's River, on which Fort San Mateo stood, and found willing allies in Chief Satouriona and his tribe of Indians, who had suffered much at the hands of Menendez. Gourgues and his allies descended at once on the two small forts which the Spanish had built at the entrance of the Saint John's, and after de- stroying their garrisons, attacked Fort San Ma- teo itself the next day. Such of the Spaniards as l;ad not been killed in the assault were hung on the very trees upon which they had hung their captors' fellow countrymen, and over their heads was placed a pine Ijoard, whereon was written, "Not as to Spaniards, but as to Traitors, Robbers, and Murderers." The fortifications were razed, and Gourgues set sail for France, arriving at La Rochelle on June 8, 1568, where he was received with honor and rejoicing. Consult: Basanier, L'hisioire notable de la Floridei 1586), which was translated and published by Hakluyt in 1587 as Notable History, and reprinted in French's Ei,s- iorical Collections of Louisiana and Florida ( 1869) ; also Parkman, Pioneers of France in the Veir World (1865) ; and Gaffarel, Histoire de la Floride frauQaise (1875). GOURKO, goor'ko, Ossip Vladimirovitch. See GuRKO. GOURNAY, goor'na', Jacques Claude Vin- cent de (1712-59). A French political economist, born at Saint-ilalo. He leceived his first instruc- tion in political economy from his father, and subsequently traveled in Spain, Germany, Eng- land, and Holland. His views are those of a lib- eral commercial 'physiocrat,' approaching those of Adam Smith. The saying, "laissez faire, laissez passer," is attributed to him. His WTitings in- clude: Brei^es considerations sur le commerce et I'intcret de I'argent ; and Considerations snr le commerce, les compagnies, sociitis et niaitrises. GOUROFF, goTT'rof, real name Jardy Dugouti ( 176ti-lS40). A Franco-Russian author. He was born at Clermont-Ferrand, of Russian ex- traction. After acting as director of the College de la Fl&che until the outbreak of the Revolu- tion, he went to Russia, where he adopted the name of Gonroff. and successively became pro- fessor at Kharkov and Saint Petersburg. His literary productions include: Mfmoire jusfificatif pour Louis XVI. (1792-93) ': ^f('•moires sur les Tntnres Noqa'is (1816): De I'influence des lu- mieres sur la condition des peuples (1826) ; and Essni sur Vhistoire des enfanfs trourfs depuis les temps les plus anciens iiisqu'a nos jours, an interesting work later embodied in the publica-