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* GOULD. 82 $50,000 built and equippod the Sailors' Young Wen's Christian Association building in Brook- lyn (New York City). GOULD, James (1770-18.38). An American jurist, born in IJranford, Conn. He graduated at Yale in 1701, was admitted to the bar in 1798, and thereafter almost continuously until 1833 was connected with the famous LitclUield Law School (see Reeve, Tapping), first as professor, and from 1820 to 1833 as superintendent. From 1816 to 1818 he was "a justice of the Connecticut Supreme Court. He published Principles of Plead- ing in Civil Actions (1S32), a new edition of which was published at Albany, N. Y., in 1887. GOULD, Jay (1836-92). An American cap- italist, born in Roxbury, Delaware County, N. Y. He passed his boyhood on his father's farm, and ■was educated at Hobart Academy. In 1852 he entered a hardware store which his father had established, but although he did not neglect the business, his evenings were devoted to the study of surveying, at which he spent the years from 1852 to 1856, preparing and publishing maps of Albany and Delaware counties, of vari- ous counties in Ohio and Jliehigan, and of a proposed railway from Newburg to Syracuse. In 1856 he published a History of DeUitrare County. In the same year he engaged in the lumber and tanning business in western New Y'ork, selling out just before the panic of 1857, and removing to Stroudsburg, Pa., where he became the controlling director in a small bank. It was shortly after this that he first became in- terested in railroading. In the great financial depression following the panic of 1857 he dis- posed of his bank stock and liought a controlling Interest in the Rutland and Washington Railroad running from Troy, N. Y.. to Rutland, Vt., for 10 cents on the dollar. Of this eompan}' he became president, treasurer, and general manager, and subsequently brought about a consolidation of his road and the Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad. In 1859 he sold out his stock in the consolidated roads at 120, and removed to New York, where he embarked in the brokerage business. He made a special study of railway stocks, and set out to obtain control of the Erie Railroad, then in finan- cial straits, and the object of strife between the Drew and Vanderbilt interests. By methods new in railway speculation, Gould secured control of the road, and in 1868 was elected its president. His administration of the road may, as he as- serted, have reclaimed it from bankruptcy, but it saddled it with a debt of .$64,000,000, and re- sulted in its paying no dividends until 1891, The manipulation of the Erie was the first of a long series of speculations by which Gould obtained the mastery of some of the greatest railway cor- porations in the country. His method of obtain- ing control was the same in almost every instance : to depress the value of the stock which he sought to control, .and acquire the property during the period of depression. By these methods in the next few years he obtained control of the Union Pacific, which he held from 1873 to 1883. during which time the value of its stock rose from 15 to 75, and it became for the first time a dividend- paying road ; of the Missouri Pacific, which imder his management and by consolidation and exten- sion developed from a short line 287 miles long with earnings of .$280,000 a month, to an im- mense system with earnings, before his death, GOUNOD. stated at $5,100,000 a month ; of the Wabash, the Texas Pacific, the Saint Louis and Northern, and the Saint Louis and San Francisco. In 1880 he controlled fully 10,000 miles of road, more than one-ninth of the mileage of the country. Gould also consolidated competing telegraph lines into the Western Union system in 1881, and obtained control of the Manhattan Elevated Railroad in the same year. What has been considered the most indefensible of all his actions was his enter- ing with "Jim' Fisk, who was also his partner in some of his railroad deals, into a scheme to cor- ner the gold market, which resulted in the dis- astrous 'IJlack Friday' panic of 1869. GOULD, .loiiN (1804-81). An English orni- thologist, born at Lyme Regis. He was at first a gardener at Ripley Castle (Yorkshire), and in 1827 was appointed taxidermist to the Zoological Society of London. In 1832 he published his Century of Birds from the Himalayan Moun- tains, based on a collection of bird-skins obtained from that region, and containing eighty plates from drawings by himself which were the most accurate illustrations of foreign birds published in England up to that time. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1843. His works include forty other volumes, with careful plates. The most important of them are The Birds of Anstralia (7 vols., 1840-48), with 601 plates, material for which was largely collected on a scientific journey to that continent and the adjacent islands; a Monograph of the Tro- chilidce (humming-birds) (1849-61), with 360 plates, derived principally from his own exceed- ingly important collection: and The Birds of Great Britain (5 vols.. 1802-73). with 367 plates. He was distinguished equally as an artist and a naturalist, and as his own publisher was very successful. His Australian birds are in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, GOULD, Sabine Baring-. See Baring-Gould, S.BI>,'E. GOULD, Thomas R. (1818-81). An American sculptor, born in Boston. He modeled his first figure in the studio of a Boston sculptor, Seth Cheney, in 1851. He practiced his profession in Boston until 1868, when he established a studio in Florence, Italy. Among his works are ideal busts of "Christ" and "Satan" (executed before 1868) ; the "West Wind," which was supposed to resemble Canova's "Hebe"; portrait busts of Emerson, Jolin A. Andrew, and the elder Booth, and a statue of John Hancock in the town hall of Lexington. Consult Tuckerman, Boo7i- of the Artists (New York, 1867). GOULDING, gool'ding, Francis Robert ( 1810-81 ) . An American author. He was born at Roswell, Ga., and was educated at the University of Georgia and at the Presbrterian Theological Seminary, Columbia, S, C, His -story for boys, liohert and Harold, or the Yniinrj ^[arooners on the Florida Coast, first published in 1852, and afterw-ards frequently reprinted, became very pop- ular. In 1805 he was compelled to abandon the pulpit because of ill health, and thenceforth de- voted himself to writing. His other stories in- clude: Marooiier's Island. (1868) ; Frank Gordon (1S69) : and Woodruff Stories (1870). GOUNOD, goo'nfi'. Charles Francjols (1818- 93), A distinguished French composer of sacred and dramatic music. He was born in Paris .June 17, 1818, the son of an eminent painter and en-