Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 07.djvu/94

* ENGERTH. was born ".u Pless, Prussian Silesia, studied architecture at the Polytechnic Institute and at the Academy of Arts. Vienna, and in 1S44 was appointed professor of mechanical enginea Gratz. He is inventor of the 'Engerth system' lor freight locomotives, which, since its introduc- tion on the Semmering Railroad, has found wide adoption on the Continent The const ruction of the ri% if, which prevents the entrance of ice into the Danube Canal at Vienna and the resultant annual inundations, was de- and built by Engerth. He was supervising architect of the buildings of the Vienna Exposi- tion of 1873, and the entire engineering depart- ment was on that occasion placed under his con- trol. ENGBQEN, liN'gyax', Louis Ahtotne Henri de Bourbon, Due d' (1772-1804). A member of the Bourbon family, celebrated in history for his tragic fate, lie was the only son of Prince Louis Henri Joseph de Bourbon, and was born at Chan- tilly. August 2, 1772. In 17S9 he left France and traveled through several countries of Eu- rope. In 1792 he entered the corps of emigres (q.v.) assembled by his grandfather, the Prince of t'ondc, on the Rhine, and showed himself to be a brave and efficient officer. After the Peace of Luneville in IsOl lie went to reside at Ettenheim, an old castle on the German side of the Rhine, not far from Strassburg, and within the terri- ie Duke of Baden. Here he married the Princess Chariot to of Rohan-Rochefort. and lived as a private citizen. When the conspiracy headed liy Cadoudal and Piehegru against the life of Bonaparte was discovered at Paris ( lsui). the police were led to believe that the Due d'Enghien was privy to it. and the evidence ! :ii lii-t to justify their belief. The un- fortunate error of ; i spy further tended to con- firm the strong suspicions oi Bonaparte, and lie resolved to seize the person of the unfor- tunate prince and make of him a terrible example for future conspirators. On the night of Man 1, 15, 1804, the neutral territory of Baden was in traded and the Duke captured and carried a pris- o tneennes. On March 20th he was tried s court martial consisting of eight officers, and after a brief examination was condemned to death. The grave of the victim had been pre- brj < ]■• eta! en of tin. sentence, and at three o'clock on the morning of Marcl 21sl he was shot. Hi- innocenci n established beyond doubt, and the execution of the Due d'Enghien ha- fixed a deep and la-ting stigma on the character of -it ' on, ill : Dupin. Pit, , ■ iudiciaires (Pari-. L823J . id., U&moircs historiques aur In rophi <<■• dut i Paris, is:; 1 1 ; Constant, / ■ duo d'Enghien < Paris, 1869). Wei ' rope < i I'exi i i i due d'En- '" " '■ i 1890 Rop fir-,/ Sapo •■ to: i i) i'.in . "The Execution of the Due d'l Amei can Historical Ki i ieio ENGINE. S i ENGINEER, Miiumiv. See K,,i I II IT AKY. ENGINEER, Naval. See ' Navy. ENGINEER AND ENGINEERING (OF ■nicer, from l.at. nl from ,. 78 ENGINEER AND ENGINEERING. instill by birth, from in, in + gignere, to pro- duce). The designing, constructing, ami often the operating of various structures and machines to serve as ways and means of communication, to secure and utilize Nature's stores of wealth, and protect life and property from the action of the elements or the carelessness and ignorance of man: all at a minimum outlay of materials and energy. To these ends, roads, railways, bridge-, canals, harbors, docks, mining and metal- lurgical plants, mills, shops, and factories are constructed and are equipped with the highest obtainable grade of mechanical power. Most of the arts and sciences arc called into use, either as subsidiary or supplementary to engineering, particularly the working of wood, stone, and il. and the sciences of mathematics, chemis- try, physics, and bacteriology. Offensive and de- fensive military works and operations by land and by sea, public water-supplies, sewerage and drainage, and the disposal of wastes in general, fire protection, the provision of light, heat, and power, with an almost endless variety of other undertakings, fall within the work of the engi- neer. In nearly all fields of modern industry and throughout the whole range of rapidly increasing municipal activities the engineer is indispensable where the aim is to secure maximum returns for minimum expenditure, the nicest adaptation of means to ends, the most careful provision for human comfort and convenience, life, and health. In economics and finance the engineer plays one of the most important parts among the many actors. It is only necessary to consider the lim- ited way in which the forces of nature were util- ized by man before the development of the steam- engine, the modern water-wheel, and the electrical transmission of power. It has been pointed out that with one man to mine coal and another to feed it to a boiler and run an engine, as much work may be done by steam-power as 1300 men could do by hand, while if immense, high-duty engines be used, and the coal mined by machinery, fed to the furnaces by automatic stokers, and the ashes also be removed by mechanical pow-er, the multiplication of available energy would be much greater, even after allowing for the capital and labor required to build the power plant. Historically, engineering is divided into two branches, military and civil. The development of mechanical power gave rise to the term mechani- cal engineer, and with the advent of applied elec- tricity! I lectrical engineer was found necessary. Specialization has been becoming more common, until now we have mining, railway, bridge, water- work- or hydraulic, and many other classes of en- gineers. Military engineers have also been divid- ed into army and navy engineers, while officers of either class having to do w ith the design and con- struction of firearms and cannon are often called ordnance engineers. The equipment and opera- tion of a modern war -hip demands the services of ordnance, mechanical, and electrical engineers, besides the naval engineer who designs the ship itself, and the metallurgical engineer who has chat I the production of flu 1 armor-plate and all the other -tool and iron structural parts of the vessel On shore the armj engineer builds road-, water-works, sewers, electric light and piover stations at forts ami camps, thus doing work cla ed under civil, mechanical, and elec- trical engineering. In the United states Army, eii'ii i' are employed on river and harbor