Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 07.djvu/90

* ENERGETICS. From the latter observations Professor Langley concludes "that in view of the large limits of error we can adopt three calories as the most probable value of the solar constant; by which I mean that at the earth's mean distance, in the ab- 31 in e of its absorbing atmosphere, the solar rays Physiological; Food. 74 ENFANTIN. sons, but at the conclusion of the service received the spiritual benediction. ENERGY. See ENERGETICS. ENERGY OF ANIMALS. See Chemistry, would raise one gram of water three degrees centigrade per minute for each normally ex- po-, -d square centimeter of its surface." From a careful discussion of the various determina- tions of the solar constant, Professor F. W. Very, in the Monthly Weather Ri mew of the United Mate- Weather Bureau for August, 1901, deduces a mean value of 3.127 calories per square centimeter per minute. This is 2.18 X 10° ergs, or 22.18 gram-meters per second to the square centimeter of surface. As this is transmitted at the rate of 300,000,000 meters per second, it ENERGY OF PLANTS. The plant body takes up into itself during its life a certain amount of material which for a time forms part of the body and then leaves it. Another portion forms permanently a part of the body, only returning to the inorganic world upon the dissolution of the organism. Likewise the body is constantly receiving energy from without, and losing it again. ( 1 ) The plant receives, with all the material absorbed, a varying amount of potential energy; on the other hand, it loses some energy by reason represents the energy of solar radiation present f the separation from its body of gases, liquids, in a column of ether near the earth one square an d solids, as in the eliminated oxygen and car- centimeter in cross-section and 300,000,000 me- bon dioxide in the water lost by evaporation, and ters in length. Owing to absorption by clouds j n the seeds, spores, fruit, leaves, etc., that are ami the atmosphere, the portion actually reach- cast off. (2) The radiant energy absorbed or big the ground surface of the earth is reduced lost in the form of heat, light, and electricity is to about one-half the above value. of vital importance. Beside- papers cited above, the following Heat is absorbed from and radiated to the sur- works, among many others, are devoted wholly rounding medium continually, and many plants or in part to energetics: receive a large amount directly from the sun. Maxwell. Matter and Motion: Theory of Heat About 80 per cent, of the light falling upon a (London and Xew York. 1891) ; Tait, Recent leaf is converted into the slower waves of heat. Advances in Physical Science (London, 1876); Tait, Properties o Mutter (Edinburgh. 1885); Thomson (Lord Kelvin). Popular Lectures and Iddresses, vol. ii. (London and New York,
 * ' Dolbear, Matter, Ether, and Motion

London, lssis7) ; Rowland, Scientific Papers (Baltimore, 1902); Tait. Thermodynamics (Ed- inburgh, 1877); Popper, Die physikali ' n Orundadt ■ der elektrischen Kraftiibertragung (Vienna, l^s;;, ; Helm, Die Lehn von der Ener- (Leipzig l^77i: Planck, Das Prvnci/p der Erhaltung ■'■ / Em rgit i Leipzig, 1*77 1 ; Clausius, Die mechanische Warmetheorie ( Brunswick, 1876- 91); Solman, Hatter, Energy, Force, and Work ( N,w york, 1898). ENERGISM (from Gk. Inpyb's, energos, ac- tive, from tv, en, in -+- (pyov, ergon, work). The name given by -ohm- recenl philosophical writers to the neo Aristotelian view thai the chief end of human life is not pleasure, bul due activity of the distinctively human functions, or, general- izing the statement, "thi i t1 which the will of every living creature aims is the normal exer- cise of the iial functions whicl nstitute its n.'ittn ENER'GTJMENS (I. at. energumenus, from Gk. tvipyoiiixvot, energoumenos, demoniac, pn p. of li/tpyeiv, to work in, from { t >, in + tpyuv, ergein, to work, from tpyov, el work) els oi persons, suffering from ioma i< : i ailment . « ho in i he earrj b I the Church win- believed to be i id by evil s|oril-. and wen pi I under the special can' of ( illo ed a certain amount of par- ticipation in i ' itechumena in eluded in this i In could not he baptized, ex© pi when at the point of .bath; while those who became di ter bapl ism might be allowed to commune. Bol h, els had a home in the church, and during the ervicea occupied the porch all lepers and other denied per Most of this is dissipated in evaporation of water, which probably prevents death from over- heating, since leaves whose transpiration is pre- vented become so hot as to die in a short time. Heat appears to be the only external source of energy for fungi. One of the most important sources of energy for green plants is light. Cer- tain wave-lengths are absorbed by chlorophyll (q.v.) to form carbohydrate foods. (See PHOTO- SYNTHESIS.) Direct sunlight, diffuse light, and artificial light are effective in proportion to their intensity. Only in rare cases is energy in the form of light lost from plants. Certain bac- teria, fungi, and other plants emit, under favor- able conditions, a greenish-yellow light, the energy for which is apparently released in con net ion with respiration. Little is known of the relation of electric energy to plant life; direct observations show that, there are differences of potential in various organs of a living plant amounting to one-tenth of a voli or more, hut the explanation of this difference is still un- known. Apparently dissipation of electric energy is indicated by the disturbance of electric poten- tial in excited motor organs, in which a general similarity to the muscle-nerve discharge in ani- mals may bo detected. See Motor Organs. ENFANTIN, aN'fax'lax'. BaRTHELEMY Pros- per (sometimes called Pere Enfantin), (1796- 1801). A French socialist, born in Paris. He was educated at (he Ecole Polytechnique, whence he was expelled in I x 1 I for complicity in the irtre demonstrationa of former pupils of the Ecole against the Vllies. Subsequently he was connected with banking firms at Saint Petersburg and Pari ftcr 1825 ho became a prominent repn ntative of the Saint-Simonist teachings. In Ihis role he was associated with Hazard. lie differed with Hazard, however, on the marriage question in that ho openly advo- cated free love. lor thia position he was sen- tenced to two years' imprisonment for violating
 * Boston, 1892) ; Joule. Scientific Papers (2 vols.,