Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 07.djvu/891

FONTANA. his death in 1607 at Naples depriving the und< i taking of his personal superintende Fontana's son, Giuglio Cesabe, heir to bis father's great wealth, and some oi his geniu. was appointed royal architect on his decease, His brother, Giovanni Fontana, (c L540 1614), assisted him as engineer, landscape architect, and contractor, i the beginning of his career, and succeeded him as Papal architect when he left Rome in 1592. Another and later architect of the samc> name, Carlo Fo u s. (1 63 I 1714), was a pupil of Bernini, and built in Rome and elsewhere in the Baroque style. San Marcello and the Bolognetti and Grimani palace in Romi the Liechtenstein Villa in Vienna, and the Vis- conti Villa at Frascati are among his works. Consult: Mili/.ia, Le oite dei pill celebri arehi tetti (Rome, 1708), translated by Cresy; The Lives of Celebrated Architects, Indent and Modern (London, 1820). Modern authorities, with full illustrations, are Lhc, S/iiil h'enaissnncr, ( Berlin, 1880) ; and Strack, liaitrft nlnunler h'oms des 15-19 Jahrhunderts (Berlin, 1891).

FONTANA, Felice (1730-1805). A celebrat- ed Italian physiologist. At the termination of an elaborate course of study carried on in the uni- versities of Verona, Parma, Padua, and Bologna, he was appointed to the chair of philosophy in the University of Pisa by Francis I.. Grand Duke of Tuscany. Leopold, on succeeding his father, appointed Fontana Court physiologist, and charged him with the organization of a museum of natural history and physiology, which com- prises a superb collection of specimens of iiie animal, vegetable, and mineral kingdoms, be- sides an elaborate series of wax models, repre senting the human body as a whole, and each organ separately. A similar collection was pre- pared by Fontana for the Museum of Vienna by order of the Emperor Joseph II. His writings in- clude: ly'irerchc /ilosnfirhi' supra In /isica animate (1781) ; Dei mnii dell' iride (17d.">) ; Trait,'- sui- te renin ile la ri/n re el sur les poisons mnerieniiis (1781): and Choice d'observaiions physiques et eh irurgicales ( 1 785 ).

FONTANA, Giovanni (1540-1014). An Ital- ian architect, born at Jlili. on Lake Como, and the brother of Domenico, the great Italian archi- tect. He went, to Rome to study, where he was joined by his brother, and afterwards helped him in many of his buildings. He himself designed the not very remarkable palace of the Giustini- ani. He did his most important work as a hy- draulic engineer. He superintended the cleans- ing of the Tiber, built canals, restored the Cloaca .Maxima, built the aqueducts at Loretto and Recanati. and erected the walls or parapets around the cascades at Tivoli.

FONTANA, Lavinia (1552-1614). An Kal- ian painter of (he Bolognese school. She was the daughter and pupil of Prospero Fontana. She executed religions, historical, and mythological canvases, but was especially famous as a fashion- able portrait painter. Her reputation, however, has waned. She lived at Bologna, then at Rome, where she was made a member of the Academy of Saint Luke. Among her best portraits arc those of Pope Gregory X11L, and that of herself, in possession of Count Zappi da Imola. Her hus- band, Paolo Zappi, an amateur, assisted her in her painting.

FONTANA, PttOSPl Bi painter ol Bologn i H i he i.mn. 1 1 idied in Bi under Innoci ozio da I mola. he « a, ho mile need b ., .. 1 1 t pou I he leeorillllelld.il 1-0 o! M lehela lice |o i | plo id by Pope Juliu 1 1 1 al B 1 aftei wards assisted Primaticcio in decorating the Pal ace of Fontainebleau. I be res! oi bi pa i d at Bologna, « I ii d in 1597. He • ercised ih influence u] t be arl ol Bologna ol a detrimental aatun rdi to Lanzi and numbered among bis pupils the ' (q.v.), who deserted hi- method I alocert, and others, lie was a pail i great facility, but ol i reel and negligent mel hod His best works are at Bologna, and his portrait l ni ler than his historical c |

FONTANE, foN'tan', Mabius (1838—). A French aul hoi born a! Marseilles. I [e beet ei retary to Ferdinand de Lesseps, who made him general secretary of the Suez I npany, and afterwards a member of the hoard of direc- tors ol the Panama Canal Company. Upon the revelations connected with the latter enterprise lie was condemned to two years' imprisonment, but later was acquitted (1893). His publica- tions enter many fields, and include: Confidences de la oingtiimi annie (1863) : Sdlim I'igi (1865); La guerre d'Amdriqut (2 vols., 1866); and L'histoire universelle (vol. i., 1881; vol. x., L899; unfinished).

FONTANE, fon-tii'nr. Theodob i 1819-98). A noteworthy German author, horn at N'euruppin (Brandenburg), Alter study at the Industrial School of Berlin and three years (1840 as an apothecary's apprentice at Leipzig and Dresden, he turned to the in i genial acti ities of journalism and literature. He was an editor on the stall' of t he i ». Preussischi Zeitung from I Slid to 1870, and from 1870 to L889 ma I t horitat hely as dramatic critic foi the I Zeitung. In 1870 he visited the scene ol war in France, and was taken prisoner al Dornremy. Ile was a close student of the thought and literature of England, where he resided in 1844, 1852, and 1855-59, chiefly for the purpose of investigating the old ballads which had so important an effect upon his own earlier work as a poet. In Is7d he was elected tirst secretary of the Berlin Acad- emy of Arts, and in 18111 received :ill(lil marks from Get man Emperor in recognit ion of his services to German literature. He published t wo collect ions of verse: Oedichti (1851, 7th ed. 1901), and BaU laden (1861), of whose contents such poems us "Archibald Douglas," done in the very -pirit of their English prototype-, placed him among the foremost modern ballad writers. Volumes based on his observations in Great Britain lit land (1860); Jenseii des Tweed (I860)— or on the Franco Prussian War- Kriegsgi angen (1871, 51 ii ed l 900 i : / A i i< g pi •: i /', a i 1873-75) — were much esteemed in Germany, and his Wanderungen durch die Mart Brandt 1861-82, numerous Bubsequeni editions) estab- lished him as the peculiar interpreter of that region. It was from Brandenburg also that he drew the material for many in his -eric- of works of fiction, which lie began in 1878 with lor dem Sturm, and (dosed with Her Stechlin (1899). His Irrungi n, Wirrungi i I 1888, 6th ed. 189 credited with the introduction of what has be-