Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 07.djvu/890

* FONTAINEBLEAU. 79-2 FONTANA. more in harmony with the new life of the Renais- sance. The plans were drawn up in 1028, proba- cy Giles le Breton, who carried them out only in part in the Cour du Oheval Blum, the Huh in il< Frangois 1., and the Galerie d'Menri 11., and the peristyle of the Cour Ovale. The main por- tions were built shortly afterward- by Pierre mbige and Pierre Gerard. Under Henry II. Philibert Delorme made additions, and the fa- mous Italian artists, such as Primatieeio, Rosso, and Serlio, were called here to build and decorate. Their work here was so important as to give to this little group of artists the name of the School of Fontainebleau, whose influence spread widely over France. Royal favor was then for a time withdrawn, to be revived under Henry IV., for whom were executed the new Galerie de Diane, the Place d'Armes, and the beautiful grounds. To Louis XIII. considerable interior decoration was due. Under Louis XIV. the chateau was i ccupied by Madame de Montespan, but later the King deserted it for Versailles and Saint-Ger- main, except for a while during the autumn. It was again transformed under Louis XV., and oc- cupied successively by Madame de Pompadour and Madame du Barry. Lender Louis XVI. it was a favorite residence of Queen Marie Antoi- nette. Xapoleon I. had the chateau renovated, and Louis Philippe restored it in the style of the sixteenth century. Notwithstanding these later modifications, Fontainebleau remains, both in construction and decoration, one of the most superb works of the early and golden ages of the French Renaissance, with a tinge of special Italian influence. In the seventeenth century it was the residence of Chris- tina of Sweden after her abdication; here for nearly two years Pope Pius VII. was detained a prisoner by Xapoleon. Mariy State transac- tions and treaties are dated from Fontainebleau, Here Xapoleon signed his abdication in 1814 and
 * i lj ; i i ri in 1815. The palace has been restored, and

is kept in perfect condition a- a public monument. Consult: Pfnor, Histoire ei guide artistique au palais <!<• Fontainebleau (Paris. 1889); Archi- tecture et decoration au palais de Fontainebleau (Paris, 1885); Palustre, /.« Renaissance en fiance, vol. i. (Paris, 1879); Haynes-YVilliams, Fontainebleau (New York. 1890), consisting of photogravures after pictures. FONTAINEBLEAU, School of. A group of artists assembled by Francis I. at Fontainebleau. where they were chiefly employed in decorating the palace. There wire two branche of Hie school, one of which was composed of the native artists, of whom the Clouets (q.v.) were the most important, and who were Flemish in teehnie. The other branch was composed of Italians. Francis invited Leonardo da Vinci to France (1516-19), but lie died tuo soon to make his influence per- manently lilt. The chief founders of the school Rosso dei Rossi (1495-1541) and Prima- tieeio (1504-70). Their influence dominated French art. Tin- most prominent French repre- entatives of the school were .lean Cousin ('-1500-1580) and Toussainl du Breuil (1561- 1602). (See Hie article Painting.) The paint- ers of the Barbison School (q.v.) are also called School "i Fontainebleau (or Fontainebleau Barbison), because most of their subjects were tn ken from the finest of Fontainebleau, near eh tie' village of Barbison lies. Consult: Roger-Ballu, "Le paysage franca i~ au Xl. sie- cle," in inn i ll< Itciuc, 1881; Mollet, The Paint- ers i'i Barbison (London, 1890 1 ; Thompson, Thi Harbison School of Painters lib.. lS'Jl j . FONTAN, foN'taN', Louis Makie (1801-39). A French dramatic author, born at Lorient. His name first became known through the drama of Perkins Warbeck (1828). In 1829 he published an article against Charles X. and li is- family. which caused him to be sentenced to five years' imprisonment. The Revolution of 1830 liberated him, and he continued writing constantly for tin- stage, and generally with political intent. Aiming his plays are Jeanne la folic and Le proces d'un marechal de France (1831). FONTANA, fun-ta'na. Carlo (1634-1714). An Italian architect and archaeologist, born at Bru- ciato, near Como. He studied in Rome under Bernini, and became one of his best pupils, but his work is heavy and ugly. He built the palaces of Grimazzi and Bolognetti. the tomb of Queen Christina in Saint Peter's, the great fountains of Saint Peter's and of Santa Maria in Trastevere, and the Church of San Michele a Ripa. He wrote several books of great interest, such as. II tempio vaticano e sua originc con gli cdifui piii cospicwi antichi e moderni (1694); Vtilissimo trattato ih Ih acque correnti (1696); and L'anftteatro Flacio (1725). FONTANA, fon-ta'na, Domenico ( 1543-1607 ). An Italian engineer and architect, born in 1543 at Mili. in the vicinity of Lake Como. At an early age he came to Rome, and soon attracted the notice of Cardinal Montalto, who appointed him his private architect, and intrusted to him the building of his villa. Xegroni (c.1580), the Sistine chapel in Santa Maria Maggiore, and an adjoining palace. When the Cardinal's finances were crippled, through the jealousy of Gregory XIII. , Fontana, out of his own funds, carried mi the designs of his patron, on the same scale of magnificence in which they were commenced. For his disinterested devotion he received later ample reward, when the Cardinal, under the name of Sixtus V.. was called to the Papal chair. Fon- tana. as a Papal architect (158.5). was employed in a variety of important works, among which stands conspicuously the completion of the dome and lantern of Saint Peter's substantially upon Michelangelo's design, slightly modified by Delia Porta, lie increased his fame by the re- moval and reelection of the Egyptian obelisk, now in the piazza of Saint Peter's. He afterwards erected the obelisks j n the Piazza del Popolo and the Lateran, and was intrusted by Sixtus with the construction of the Lateran palace, of o n™ facade for the transept of the basilica of Sain! John Lateran, and of the famous Vat ican library. The restoration of the columns of Trajan and Antoninus, and the construction of the aqueduct known a- the icqua Felice, with the fountain ol the Acqua Paola, deserve mention among the many works of utility executed by Fontana. On the death of Sixtus. Fontana, through the in- trigues of his enemies, was stripped of his post as Papal architect in 1592. but was imi Ihilcly proffered a similar appointment in the Kingdom of Naples. During his sojourn in Naples he executed many imposing designs, the royal palace and a noble promenade along the bay being among the chief works. ||js concept ion of .1 grander harbor was carried into effect by others,