Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 07.djvu/888

* FOND DTJ LAC. 790 ery, refrigerators, furniture, carriages, agricul- tural implements, etc. Fond du Lac was settled in is:;ii, and was incorporated as a village in 1847 and chartered as a city in 1852. Under a revised charter of 1891 the government is vested in a mayor, annually elected, and a council, which - the board of education and confirms the mayor's nominations to administrative offices. Population, in 1890, 12,024; in 1000, 15,110. FONSAGRADA, f6n'sa-gra'Da. A town in the Province of Lugo. Spain, about 25 miles east by north of Lugo. It is situated in a mountain- ous region, with fertile valleys, and is engaged principally in stock-raising, dairying, and agri- culture. There are some manufactures. Popu- lation, in 1900, 17,448. FONSECA, f&n-sa'ka, Gulf of (called Choro- tega by t he American Indians). An inlet of the Pacific Ocean, situated in a volcanic region be- tween the three Central American States of Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua (Map: Cen- tral America, D 4). It is nearly 20 miles long and over 40 miles wide, containing a number of islands, and receives the waters of numerous rivers. FONSECA, Antoxio Maxoel da (1700-1803). A Portuguese artist, born at Lisbon. He stud- ied at the Academy of Lisbon, under Sousa Lou- reiro. afterwards became a professor in that insti- tution, and in 1839 was appointed Court painter. In 1802 he was elected a corresponding mem- ber of the Academy of Fine Arts at Paris. Many of his works were exhibited at the Paris Exposi- tion of 1855. They include chiefly historical scenes and portraits, such as "The Death of Albuquerque," "Christ in the Midst of the Doc- tors." "Christ Driving the Money-Changers from the Temple," "King Ferdinand," and "King Pe- dro V." FONSECA, Juan Rodriguez (1451-1524). A Spanish prelate, born at Toro. Province of Se- ville. He became Archdeacon of Seville, Bishop successively of Badajoz, Cordova, Paleneia, Conde, and Burgos, Archbishop of Rosano, Italy, and principal chaplain to Isabella and later to King Ferdinand, lie was appointed head of the De- partment of Affairs in the Indies, organized by the sovereigns in 1193. with headquarters at Seville. Although possessed of some adminis- trative ability, be n;i- jealous of Columbus, and when, during the preparations for the Admiral's second voyage, a quarrel arose between them and he was instructed to obey Columbus, his jealousy increased to absolute hatred. In the fitting out of the expeditions he -ought only to delay and annoy: he encouraged insolence and insubordina- tion among the crews, and he caused worthless deserters from the colonies to present complaints at Court against the Admiral. It was through him also that Francisco de Bobadilla (q.v.) was sent out to make investigations at I lispaniola. He afterwards hampered Cortes and Las Casas in similar fashion, and was extremely cruel in his attitude toward the Indians. FONSECA, Manuel Deodobo da (1827 92). The fir-t President of the Republic of Brazil, lie was born ai Alagoas, Brazil; was educated at military scl 1 at Rio Janeiro, and was nii ioned • lieutenant -i art illery in is in. He took a prominent part in the war with P FONSECA BENEVIDES. guay in 1S0S-70, and was promoted to the rank of division general. About 1881 he became im- bued with republican ideas, and organized the Military Club at Rio Janeiro. Fonseca's ac- tivity and pronounced republicanism, although he was a warm personal friend of the Emperor, Dom Pedro, finally led in iss7 to his appoint- ment as Governor of a frontier province, in order to remove him from the capital, where hi- influ- ence was thought to be dangerous. Having returned to Rio de Janeiro in 1889. he entered actively into the schemes of the Republicans in army circles and in the newly established Republican League, which culminated, on Xovember 15th of that year, in the dethronement of Dom Pedro and the estab- lishment of the Republic of Brazil. Fonseca was chosen head of the Provisional Government. The new Constitution was proclaimed on February 24, 1891, and on the same day Fonseca was elected to a four years' term as the first President of the Republic. He became almost immediately involved in conflicts with the National Congrc— , which increased in bitterness until he finally, on Xovember 3, 1891, dissolved Congress and pro- claimed himself Dictator, placing the capital under martial law. The navy, remaining faithful to the Constitutional Party, turned the tide against him, and on Xovember 23d the army also declared against him, and he was deposed and took no further part in public affairs. FONSECA, Pedro da (1528-99). A Portu- guese philosopher and theologian of the Jesuit Order, often called the Portuguese Aristotle. He was born at Cortizada, and was educated at the Jesuit chapter-house at Coimbra, and at the University of Evora, whence he returned to Coimbra as professor of philosophy. He rose high in hi- Order; was a Portuguese Minister in the reign of Philip II.: and was charged with several important missions by Gregory XIII. In letters he is best known for hi- studies of Aris- toth — Institutiones Dialectiew (1504) ; In Libros Metaphysicorum Aristotelis (1577): and Isagoge rhilosophica ( 1591). In dogma he made himself a name by his stress on God's prevision, and the attempt, further carried out by Molina, his pupil, to obviate the apparent clash between predestina- tion and free will. FONSECA BENEVIDES, ba'na-vo'daz. FRAN- CISCO da (1835 — ). A Portuguese scientist and author. He was born at Lisbon, the son of a physician, and studied medicine. He entered the navy in 1851, at the age of nineteen became professor of physics in the industrial school at Lisbon, and a year later (1S55) entered the faculty of the Naval Academy. He was made a member of the Lisbon Academy in 1866, and was -cnt b the Government to various national ex positions, and he exhibited some of his scientific apparatus at Paris in 1878. Tn 1884 he was made inspector of the Portuguese industrial schools. He founded the Lisbon industrial Mu- seum. Besides his contributions to Portuguese technical journals, he wrote: Curst)  <'■ propagation de& ftammes (1880): and the historical work, Is rainhas de Portugal i 1878