Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 07.djvu/885

* FOLK-PSYCHOLOGY. 7.S7 FOLLEN. who have not lei id to artift ialize their sui roundinga, the skin and the tomach are joined with the brain in bringing about, guiding, gaug ing, and giving tone and I in1 to a II menta I | esses. Folk p chologj rem jidei - i he habitat and food conditions of a people, its - atology, Bex, technology, aesthetics, jurisprudence, and pathol ogy. N v:i i I all the life processes are reducible to the stimuli for f 1 and sex. Necessity detei mined associal ion a ad made man ocial In ei denies of heat and cold life is possible al a ereal disadvantage. Of necessity, the highesl civiliza- tions began in warm climates, and with the arti ficial means of controlling temperature, thej ad vanced to colder climates. The natural race iri in bondage to nature, but where the environment is favorable they make themselves less dependent upon it, and so develop culture. Where large populations can be supported, cooperative life is necessary, and consequent h people are more social than where population is sparse. In the atru to secure food cunning is developed. When conditions are difficult, habits of industry are de vcloped, and when a better control over environ- ment is secured (lie energy sel free is expended ill the satisfaction oi higher wants. Production is thus a fundamental process. Southern races are more hospitable than northern races because the food-supply is more abundant. Climate exercises a great influence on the thinking processes, and in this way affects civilization favorably or un- favorably. This influence is again seen iii the greater number of cases of insanity in May and July, when the climatic changes are most sudden. Marriage, the outgrowth of the sexual instinct, is the more or less permanent relation of the male and female. As il is determined by the necessity for the cooperation of the parents in the care of the offspring, marriage is grounded in the family, and not the family in marriage. The family has been a growth from very feeble and uncertain beginnings. The forms of marriage at different periods of race development have been shaped almost entirely by economic condition-. Wan represented the militant and woman the in- du-trial type of organization. Man's work was destructive, while woman's preserved the food- supply. Man's work made him radical, while woman's work made her conservative. Man's work fitted him for great bursts of endurance, while woman's work mad.- hei capable of steady endurance. From origins such as these, and from their course of development, the folk-psyehologist endeavors to explain race and individual psychology, and in this way to account for the factors which operate even in the complexity of modern civilization. Consult: Emin Effendi, Kultur mill II iimniiitiit (Vienna, 1897) : Wundt, V&Tkerpsychologie und Bprachgi schichte (Leipzig, 1900 — ) : and especially the Zeitschrift fur I ol kerpsycholonir und Sprachgeschichte, edited by Lazarus and Steinthal I Berlin. 1860-1890), and its continuation, the Zeitschrift des I i reins I'iTr Volkskunde, edited by Weinhold (ib., 1891 et seq.). FOLKRIGHT. The body of customs recog- nized as having the force of law in early English history. As used by the Norman kings, the ex- pression has reference to the native law and cus- tom, as distinguished from the rules and ob servanees introduced by the Conqueror and his followers. Later, the term i- synonymous with the i i n law, I iy win

undi i i ,u. FOLKS, f.,k,, Homed | 1887 I. An can ed [bion College ih I and a1 B vard, where be | ,,,,,, isuo to 1893 he was cietj i i Penn retary of I he New "i ork State i ciation. He wae elected to the '■•• I ity Boa id of Mde a an Ant i 'I ammany mem bi'i in 1897 and 1 398 an I ml candidate for t lie Slate Assert 9. Iii the spi ing ol 1900 i m to i aha to a t aited States military authorities in reorganiz ing the public charities of the island. In 1901 he I I'.u il ies and n and in January . 1902, was appointed bj Mayor Set h I ioner of i haril ies for ™ S literary work include- i he • view, and the publieal ion oi and magazine article,, and a 1 1 entitled Cart ", Destitute, Yeglected, and Di Chil- dren (1902). FOL'LEN, An, i si, afterward Adolf l.inwio i 1794 1855 i. i Minimi aul hoi M. wa - born in i Hessen January 21, 1794. i is in -i I i for polit ical agitat ion in Merlin aii.r his release 3pent his life in Switzerland, lie died in Bern December 'JH. is;,;,, il best known for his anthology oi German poetry, liildrrsaal drulscher Divhtung (1827), but also for editions of the A ibelungi nMi d and i lot! fi ied's Tristan iiml /.so We, for a collection ol / Hymns (1819), and for translations of the Bo- nn i ;r Hymns (1814) and Ta ah m !>■ Iwered (1819). His chivalrous romances, e.g. Malegys und I voian i 1829), and his poem-, with few exceptions, are not important. FOLLEN, i'h m;i. rs Theodow Christian (1795-1840). A German clergyman, scholar, and reformer, brother of the preceding. He was boi Koinrod. in Hesse Darinstadl . and studied thi Ogy at Giessen. where be showed himself an ar- dent believer in the principle- of thi I rench lb-vo- lution. After some weeks of soldiering against Napoleon in 1S14. he returned to his studies in is 1 s received an appointment as university lecturer in law. His revoluti ws, how- ever, expressed in radical songs and inilamnia tiny addresses, drove him fron to Jena, and thence to France, to Coire in Switzerland, In Basel, where he was appointed lecturer at the university, and finally, in 1824, to America. In 1825 he ivas appointed a teacher of < ;. r man at Harva n us later. becami tea f eccli iastical history and ethics in the div inn school. From 1 830 ta was [""il i of German literature at Harvard. Later on be preached in the First Unitarian n ch of Ne« York City, and in 1839 acei p a call to the pastorate of a church of the same ruination in Lexington, Mass. From the commend it he anti-slavery movement he was .in avowed abolitionist, and a warm friend and a—oeiate of Garrison. Be lost hi- life in the burning of thi "'•»» on I md January 13, 1840. His works, with a Memoir, were published at Boston in 1S41.