Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 07.djvu/879

* FOLARD. 781 FOLGER. (1721) and Commentaire sur Polybi (6 vols., 1727-30), a work once much read and widely discussed, oi which Frederick the Great pre] sd l-'i i hi ill," in (Huvres dt Fre'de'ric U Urand il*Hi 67 ) . edited by Preuss. FOLCLAND, folk'land (AS., folk-land), or FOLKLAND, fok'land. The land of the folk, or the people of England in Anglo Saxon times; the public domain. All land private title to which was not attested by charter was folkland or pub lie land, ft comprised the whole area ol England that had not been assigned i" individuals or com munities ai the lirst allotment, and thai was nut subsequently divided into estates of I b land. It constituted in England a permanent source of revenue, for ii could qo1 be alienated without the consent of the National Council, differing in this respect from the public lands oi oilier Germanic tribes; thus the Lombards had public or State lands, but the pleasure of the King determined their disposal, while in England the King himself could not appropriate a part of the folkland without the consent of the Coun cil. The English folkland had only an analogy, and not a similarity, to the common lands of the township in the mark system of the Teutonic races. The land could be let, lent, or leased; but this alienation extended only to the right possessed by the holder. The ownership con- tinued to reside in the State, and the individuals who held portions, for which they paid renl and service, held only for life. The holders of folk- land were liable to special burdens, payable di- rectly to the State, and royal officers adminis- tered the jurisdiction. Such were the char- acteristics of the folkland down to the time of King Alfred. From his time the records contain less and less frequently the clause expressing the consent of the National Council to the alienation of the folkland. Gradually tnat body became only witnesses of the transaction, which finally received their mere attestation, in time the folkland became hardly distinguishable from the royal demesne. Consult: Stubbs, Constitutional Bistory of England (Oxford, 1874-78); Taylor. The Origin and Qrowth of the English Constitu- tion (New York, 1898); Turner, Bistory of the Anglo-Saxons (London, 183G). FOLCMOT, folk'mot (AS. folcgemot, from folc, folk -f- gemot, meeting, from metan, OS. motjan, Dutch' moeten, to meet i . or Folkmoot. In early Anglo-Saxon England, the national as- sembly or council. It was the assembly of the shire, comprising the representative- of the hun- dreds and townships. The folcmot, however, was not the Witenagemot (q.v.). for il is quite probable that in Kent. Sussex. Essex, and East Anglia. there were two central councils— the folcmot or council of the people, and the Wite nagemot, or council of the chiefs. According to other authorities, the folcmot was the great meel ing of the nation, which was afterwards convei ted into the Witenagemot. or meeting of the coun- cilors of the nation. FOLDVAR, feld'var. See Duna-Foldvab. FOLENGO, fo-len'go, Teofilo. See MebiJNO Coccajo. FO'LEY, John Henry (1818-74). An Irish sculptor. He was horn in Dublin. May 24. 1818, and studied at the Dublin Society of Art. and afterwards at the Royal Academy. London. He Hi i exhibited, te "Death ol Abel" a "innocence," and made a decided reputation by his "InO I ' nils III. 'I he WOl!.- Of in eai liei pei iod an i bienj ol an ideal chai actei . and po -i conception. Among the besl ol them an the ith ai the Stream" i 1844), the ■'Moil i 1851), the "Elder Brothei in O I a" I i 356 and "( laractacus" a re bol h in I be Mansion Souse, London. He excelled, however, in his portrait stai lies, v. hich a air strength of characterization. are t hose i i Hampden (1844), Si Idi a, and Charles Harry, in the Hou i ol Parliament; the colossal bronze equestrian statue oi Lord Hardinge, and those oi Lord Canning and sir .lames Outram, produced for Calcutta; Lord Clive, produce, l for Shrewsbury; Oliver Gold smith and Edmund Burke, for Dublin; Fathei Mat hc». for Cork; the [.'roup "Asia" and the "Prince Consort," for the Albert Memorial in Hyde Park. The besl of these work- are per- haps the three Indian notables ai Calcutta, especially Outram. During the War oi the Re hellion Foley designed the seal of the Confederate States of America. His last work was a bronze statue of Stonewall .lack-on. made for the Male of South Carolina. He dud at Hampstead, u gusi 27, 1874. He was made an associate of the Royal Academy in 1849, I a member in 1858 FOLEY. Sir Thomas (1757 1833). An I i lish admiral. He entered the navy at the agi i thirteen, and served on the Otter in Newfound- land. In 177 1 he went to Jamaica, and saw a good deal of service there against privateers; in 177S he was made lieutenant and sent to mcri- ea. under Lord Longford, and a year later took part in the Spanish campaign which terminated in the relief of Gibraltar. After service in America again, in the Wesl Indies, and off Toulon (1793-95), he look part in the battle oi the Nile (1798), and was with Nelson in the Baltic in 1801. His commander offered him the post of captain of the flee! off Cadiz, but Foley was not well enough to go. In 1808 he became rear admiral; in 1812 was vice-admiral; admiral in 1820, and in 1830 commander-in-chief at Ports mouth, where he died three years later. Consult Herbert, Lift and Services o) Admiral Sir Tin, mas Foh a (Cardiff, 1884). FOLGER, fol'jer. CHARLES James (1818-84). An American jurist and politician, lie was horn in Nantucket, Mass., graduated at Hobarl Col lege in 1836, and after 1840 practiced la Geneva, N. Y.. where he was elected county judge, as a Republican, in 1857. He was state Senator from 1861 to 1867, during which time he served as chairman of the Judiciary Committee, and for four years was president pro tempore. He became associate justice of the New York t Cour1 of Appeals in 1870, and ten years later Judge Church as Chief Justice. He was Secretary of the Treasury in President Arthur's Cabinet from 1881 until his death. As the Republ nominee for Coventor of New York in 1882, at a time when the party was seriously divi he was defeated by Clover Cleveland by an i whelming majority. FOLGER, PETER (c.1618-90). An American eolonisi and clergyman. He was horn probably at Norwich. England, and in 1635 settled in Watertown. Mass.. whence hi have re-
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