Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 07.djvu/851

* FLOWER. growth ;i(. separate points. Flowei with a c Ila of this kind are said to be 'sympetalous' ('mono petalous,' 'ga petalou ;'). 'I he ame tendeni shown by the stamen set ; while it is e common among the carpels, in which lattei i i the flower is said to be 'syncarpous,' resultin the so-culled 'compound pistil.' The sympetalous character of flowers is so definitely a ociated with natural groups that the character gives name to the great group Sympetalae, which is one of the two large divisions of dicotyledons. The con trusting condition of Bowers, namely, the occur- rence of petals entirely distinct from one another, is called 'polypetalous,' such Bowers being re garded as more primitive than sympetalou flowers. Another source of diversity in Bowers i- the tendency of contiguous sets t" become more in timately related than usual. for example, the stamens und petals may he so intimately n luted to one another in origin that the former seem to arise from the latter. This condition is common in sympetalous flowers, where the stamens are said to be 'inserted upon the tube of the corolla.' This apparent coalescence of ad- jacent sets is frequently called 'adhesion,' a term which implies that the two sets are normally dis- tinct, but have become adherent. Such an ex- planation is no more true than that which was given to the apparent coalescence of the members of a single set. This tendency of different sets to arise together, rather than separately, has re- sulted in three well-marked conditions. When the sepals, petals, and stamens all rise from be neath the ovary, the flower is said to be hypo gynous,' or to have a 'superior ovary.' This is the most primitive condition. When these three outer parts arise from the rim of an inn like outgrowth from the receptacle ( 'torus'), which surrounds the pistil or pistils, the flower is said to be 'perigynous.' Finally, the insertion of the outer parts may be carried above the ovary, from the summit of which the sepals, petals, and sta- mens seem to arise, such a flower being called 'epigynous,' or said to have an 'inferior ovary.' Regularity and Irregularity. In the « primitive flowers the different members of a set are similar and are repeated uniformly about a common centre. Such a flower is said to be 'ae- tinomorphic' or 'radiate' or more simply a n ular flower.' In many cases, however, tin' mem- bers of a single set are not all alike, and this is particularly noticeable in the corolla. In the common violet, for example, one of the petals develops a spur: in the sweet pea the petals are remarkably alike; while a very common form is the bilabiate or two-lipped flower, as in the mints. Such unequal development of the members of a single set is called zygomorphism, or more com- monly 'irregularity.' Double flowers result from modification of other floral parts, as sta mens into pistils. When both pistillate and staminate flowers are present in the same in- florescence, they are said to be androgynous. The arrangement of the parts of the flower in the bud is known as 'aestivation.' See Btjds, and separate articles on the various parts of the flower. FLOWER, Piiillis. The heroine in Hey- wood's Fair Maid 0/ the Exchange. FLOWER, Eoswell "Pettihone (1835-99) . An American capitalist and politician. He was born /.1.1 FLOWER BUG. '.'. Y„ where hi' worked on 1 'i m and in a mill, and in a hard 1 1 Watcrtown. Hi- abilit) a i- wa proved h ing to New York in 1 869, « hen in V;ill si reel . and <, 01 irai ioua corporal ions. In 1881 hi a elected Dei 'i. in- Part to Congn of the State tor Hie t . i ,,, ,,| I -'. many benevolences include the building in Net 1 11 of 1 he Flower Hospital and 1 tint 1 hom b ' Some. FLOWER, Sir  11 1.1 i lh ■ i;-, 1 1831 99). An English anatomist, born at si , a I lord iq.on i,, n . fl at > ickshire. lb- graduated in medicine at the itj "f London in |s;,i ,,,,,1 „ :J. ., member of t In- medics I ei 1 lui or' 1 in 1 rimean War. In 186] he was appointed cura! f the Hunte 1 'an Museum of I Coll England, w hen- he a I to became profi parath atomj I phj iologj in isTo in 1884 he was cho-en !i 1 1,,. British Mu- seum of Natural History. from I In posl be retired in 1898. He was elected .1 fellov Royal Society in 1801, and from ISTtl until his death was president of tin- Zoological Society of London, lie was also president ..1 the An- thropological Institute from 1883 to 1885, and at various times president of Hie anthl pological section of the J'.ritish Association tor thi vanccment of Science. His principal invi tions have to do with the Mount rental a and the marsupials, and his researches concerning the structure of the brain of lemurs and ape- aii- also important. lie was the firsl to show thai marsupials retain throughout their life history a permanent dentition, with the excepti tooth, and that thus mar-upial- an- differentiated from the oilier mammals. His publications, in addit ion to numerous memoir-, include: Dia of the Nerves of the Buman Body (1861); An Tntrodtu Hon in thi Osti ology " - Ma i 1870; .'id id., revised, 1885) ; The Em 1 I and Essays on Museums and Other Subjects (1898). FLOWER AND THE LEAF, The. A poem publi led 111 the 1598 edition of Chaucer's works. init not now believed to be his. Dryden pn a not very satisfactory version of it. which was published in 1700 among his Fables. FLOWER-BEETLE. Any of many small beetle, seen allllii-l oel U-i Vcly Oil flower-, feeding on pollen. The most 1 mon flower-beetle in the Northern United State- i- a yt 1 low ish-brown, potted specie- [Euphoria inda), which feeds not only 011 the pollen of all sorts of Bowers, but on the -talk and cats of young Indian corn, and on various fruits, and may become a serious pest. It flies in earl 1 10 the I. with a humming sound very mneh like that of a bumblebee, I a second brood appears in September. FLOWER-BUG. One of a family (Antho- . mall bugs, distinguished from bedbugs by their long, oval forms, ami by having wing- ■ 1 and ocelli Not many species are known. but individuals arc extremely numerous, haunting flowers, where they hunt out and devour plant lice, lace-bugs, and similar minute pests of hor- ticulture. Some dwell iii ants' nests. 'II monest species is Triphleps insidiosus, which,