Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 07.djvu/85

* ENEMA. 69 fluid substance conveyed into the bowel by in- jection through the anus. Enemata are used to cause an evacuation of the bowels, or for the introduction of food which cannot be administered by the stomach, or for the administration of medicine. For evacuation of the bowels, an enema of cold water, or soap- suds, or soapy water containing a few drops of turpentine, or olive oil, is used. I'm- nourish- ment, raw eggs, beef juice, defibrinated blood, or peptonized milk may be used. In cases of convulsions, bromides or chloral may be given by the rectum. In cases of fa?cal impaction or in some eases requiring nutrient enemata, instead of the ordinary Davidson's syringe or a fountain syringe alone, a long rubber tube must be in- serted into the colon first and the syringe at- tached to this. ENEMY (OF. enemi, nut-mi, Fr. ennemi, Port. i« i/iii</o, enemy, from Lat. iiiiiiiicMS, foe, from in- not + amicus, friend, from amare, to love). In international law, a nation at war with an- other, considered as a whole, or an individual or body of men belonging to the hostile nation. An enemy, in the latter sense of the term, may or may not be a belligerent, but there can in inter- national law lie no enmity without the existence of a state of belligerency. Accordingly, no mat- ter how strained the relations of two States may become, they do not assume the position of ene- mies toward one another until a stale of war arises between them. Nor does the active inter- vention of a third state or its active sympathy with one of two combatants, even though it be bound to the latter by an offensive and defensive alliance, make it the enemy of the other, until it, too, becomes a party to the war. An enemy's status in international law de- pends on whether it is a combatant or a non- combatant. Against the former, the whole force of the opposing belligerent State may and should be exerted, with a view to its destruction or sub- jugation. This is true of the Government of the enemy, its civil as well as its military and naval representatives — of all, in fact, who. owing it allegiance, are directly or indirectly engaged in carrying on the war. It is probable, however, that at the present time judges and minor civil servants having no direct connection with the war, as well as diplomatic agents accredited to neutral powers, would be deemed to be non- combatants, though there are modern examples to the contrary. Non-combatants — that is, such of the subjects of the enemy State as have no connection with the war, but are engaged in peaceful pursuits — are, by modern usage, exempt from hostile at- tack. The old theory that, when a state of war existed, each and every subject of the one bel- ligerent was at war with each and all of the subjects of the other, has been superseded in practice by more humane principles. Commercial relations between the subjects of the respective belligerents are, however, suspended, contracts between them are rendered null and void, and the courts of each are closed to the subjects of the other. See Alien. Non-combatants residing in their own country are equally exempt from the worst horrors of war. Though they may suffer incidentally, as the result of the bombardment of fortified places and the destruction, as a matter of military ENERGETICS. policy, of crops and other property, they are nol ordinarily liable to injury either in person or property by any hostile operations. If attacked or plundered by unauthorized acts of soldiers be longing to the enemy, the latte] become liable to punishment by their own martial law for vio lation of the rules of civilized warfare. The treatment which modern international law accords to combatants will be more appropri- ately considered in the article on Wak. It will suffice to say here that the mitigation of the horrors of war has not been confined to exempt- ing the greater part of the enemy's population from the list of its victims, but has been extended to the actual cpnduct of warlike operations on land and sea. It is a marked tendency of modern warfare between civilized nations to confine all public acts of hostility to the actual combatants and to the field of battle. In their dealings with uncivilized races, how ever, the Christian nations have not yet reached the same standard of humanity, but continue to confound combatants and non-combatants, and to employ against both classes the stern and indis- criminate methods of warfare of a more barba- rous age. See Alien; Belligerent ; Wab; and the authorities there referred to. ENERGETICS (Gk. ; xep7ijT«is, energi tikos, active, from evepyuv, envrgein, to be ac- tive, from iv, en, in + epyov, ergon, work). The theory of energy; a theory which states the conditions and laws under which the phenomena of energy arc manifested. Energy, pending a more technical definition, may lie understood broadly to be a condition or at- tribute by virtue of which matter can effect changes in other matter. The modern doctrine of energy, dating from 1S40, takes the phenomena of physical sci- ence from the position of speculative reason- ing or of disconnected and unrelated occur- rences, and unites them in one general scheme of exact quantitative relationship. Many of the phenomena, particularly in electricity and in chemistry, have only become known in re- cent years, and the laws of energetics have therefore been formulated in that period. In mechanics, however, energy has been recog- nized since the time of Newton, Leibnitz. Descartes, and Huygens. These philosophers, as well as others, were engaged in contro- versy over the proper mode of estimating the effect of a force in terms of the motion which its application produced in a given mass; and although the methods of Newton prevailed in the development of mechanics, those of Leib- nitz and Huygens led most directly to pres- ent methods of interpreting and correlating phe- nomena not only oi' mechanics, but of heat, sound, light, magnetism, and electricity, as well as of chemistry, geology, and other branches of sci- ence. A force applied to a body so as to move it is said to do work, and the measure of the work is the component of the force in the direc- tion of motion, multiplied by the distance through which its point of application moves, or calling the work W, the force F. and the space s, YV = Fs. We may interpret this relation from either point of view: if we recognize the force and the distance traversed, we derive the work