Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 07.djvu/827

* FLORES. 7 1 1 in 1855. he withdrew to the Argentine Confedera- tion, whose military service he ruined. Aided by President Mitre of the Confederation an. I by Brazil, in 18IJ5 he entered Montevideo in tri- umph, and became Provisional Governor of the Republic of Uruguay. In lst;t; he was elected President, lie joined Brazil and Argentine in the triple alliance against Paraguay, and for a time commanded the allied forces. On Febru- ary 15, hsii.s. he resigned the Presidency, and four days afterwards was assassinated during disturbances incident to a recurrence of revolu- tion. FLORES'CO, or FLORESCU, Jeak Kmmw uel (1819-03). A Rumanian soldier and politi cian. lie was horn at Rimnik, studied at Bu charest, and at the Ecole d'Etat-Major of Paris, and during the Crimean War served as a colonel in the Russian Army. Previous to 1877 he was several times Minister of War, and effected many reforms in the military establishment of Ru- mania. In 1890 he became president of the ■Senate, and in 1891 president of the Ministry. His policy was strongly influenced by friendship for Russia. FLOREZ, Henrique (1701-73). A Spanish historian, born at Valladolid. He wrote many works on the history and archeology of his •country, among which are Clare Itislorial (1743) ; La Espana sagrada — teatro geogrdfico, histdrico ■de la iglesia de Espana (1747-73); Espana car- petana, medullas de las colonias, munici/pios y pueblos antiguos de Espana (1757-75), completed by Risco Fernandez and others, and Memorias de las reynas catdlicas (1770). FLOREZ (flo'rath) ESTRADA, Alvaro (1769-1853). A Spanish political economist. He was born at Pola de Somicdo, Asturias, of which province he became procurator-general in 1808. He took the initiative in the uprising against Napoleon I., and as an ardent patriot again de- fended the rights of the nation as against King Ferdinand VII. in his Representation a Fernando VII., which created a great stir and was frequent- ly reprinted and translated. His Curso de econo- mia politico (5th ed. 1843) was published in France during his exile. FLORIAN, fhVre-aN', Jean Pierre Claris de (1755-1794). A French poet and romancer. He was born near Anduzo, Languednc. of noble and partly Spanish blood, and was related to Vol- taire, who patronized his youth, as other power- ful men of culture did his maturity. He served for a time in the army, but soon resigned to de- vote himself to literature. lie was imprisoned at the outbreak of the French Revolution and did not long survive the effects of his incarceration. He first attract eil attention in 1782 by versified epistles and eclogues, imitated Cervantes and Gessner in his Galatee (1783) and Fenelon and Marmontel in Numa Pompilius (1786), an edu- cational work of wide popularity. This opened to him the Academy (1788). and in that year he published his best work, the pastoral Esti Ih. The famous Gonzalre de fordone (1791) and a once famous collection of Fables in the manner of Lafontaine completed his works, though he left unfinished a Qnillaume Tell and an abridg- ment of Don Quixote. He died in Paris Septem- ber 13, 1794. All his works (20 vols., Paris, 1824) are delicately sentimental, turning to idyl- lic artificiality the nature-cult of Rousseau. Con- FLORICULTURE. suli : Montvaillant, Fl<n ton, sa correspondanci (Pari . IS79) ; and Claretie, "Florian," in the Cla 1888). FLO'RIAN I I .a I. / ■■■ The patron -aim of I pper Austria. It i that he was horn in what i-. now Austria in the Roman Army, and was thrown into the Enns, weighted with a stone, and drowned dur- ing the Diocletian persecution, about 303 He was buried on the site of the Augustiniai astery of Saint Florian, eight miles southi Linz. An untrustworthy tradition ays thai the remain-, were afterwards taken to Rome, and in L183 were transferred to Cracow. Be is repre sented as pouring liana's from a vessel, and is invoked for protection against fire. His day is May 1th. FLO'RIANAP'OLIS. rbo. FLO'RIAN'S. The best known cafe" of Venice, on the l'iaz/.a San Marco, n has been a resoi for Venetians and travelers for two centuries. FLO'RICAN, or FLO'RIKIN. A genus of large game birds, nearlj ailed to the bustards, two species of which inhabit the open districts of India — the larger or Bengal llorican (Syphe- otides Bengalensis), and the lesser (Sypheotides aurita) . They go about in small Hocks, extreme- ly shy, wary, and strong of (light ; and in the winter offer excellent sport to the gunner, and are highly prized as delicate food. lioth species are mainly black, with crests and ear-tufts, and with white markings on the wings; but the fe- males and young of the Bengal species are mot- tled brown and white. FLORICULTURE (from Lat. flos, flower + cult lira, cultivation, from colrre, to cultivatci. The cultivation of plants for aesthetic purposes. In its widest sense floriculture embraces t In- growing of plants in windows, as well as in greenhouses and gardens, and some of its phases are closely linked on the one hand with arbori- culture, and on the other with landscape gar- dening (qq.v.). In floriculture plants are grown for their individuality; in landscape gardening for their effect in the landscape picture. From early times flower-growing has been practiced in all civilized countries, but its development as a business of commercial importance, especially in America, is of comparatively recent date. Commercial floriculture in the United States is scarcely a century old; but its progress has been steady, and during the last half of the nineteenth century very rapid. In 1825 there was scarcely any capital invested in greenhouses and gardens, except for the pleasure of the owners; in 1899 there were about 9000 com- mercial florists' establishments Inning an aver- age of 2500 square feet of glass each (an area that in 1S25 would have 1 a considered very large), or a total of 22,500,000 square feet. The estimated value of these establishments was 50 cents per square foot, or a total of $11,250,000. The value of the output was about $22,500,000. The retail value of cut Sowers was estimated at $12,500,000. apportioned as follows: Roses. $6,000,000; carnations. $4,000,000; vio- lets. $750,000; chrysanthemums. $5110.(1110; lilies and miscellaneous flowers. $1,250,000. The retail value of the plants sold was estimated at $10,- 000.000. See articles on flowers mentioned above. Consult: Henderson. Practical Floriculture