Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 07.djvu/82

* ENDEMIC. 66 impassable at certain seasons by the invisible and odorless germs of fevers. Such diseases are almost always sudden in their mode of attack, and they indicate the range of their influence by the number of persons attacked ; but they are wholly free in most cases from the suspicion of communication by contagion (q.v.), which is so frequent in the case of epidemic diseases. They are in all cases due to animal or vegetable dis- germs, transmitted to the weakened indi- vidual by the bites of various insects, or through drinking water, or water used in washing cooking- utensils and table-ware. ENDEMISM (from Gk. ivdripos, endemos, native I. In botany, the restriction in area of geographical distribution, commonly resulting from long-continued isolation; the opposite of cosmopolitanism. Somewhat famous cases of endemism are the big trees or sequoias of Cali- i. which, like most endemic forms, represent the scattered remnants of a former widespread Vicarious endemism is the condition in which the dying race, especially if occurring in sevi ral disconnected areas, splits up into various species. Relict endemism, on the other hand, is the connection in which a species suffers gradual reduction in area without essentia] change in specific characters I tie axifrages and gentians, with their many local and isolated forms, repre- sent vicarious endemism. Relict endemism is well illustrated by the two living species of i, each the last representative of distinct and once worldwide species, and also by the once widely distributed bald cypress. Endemism depends not upon the size of a district, but upon Gi rma n;. has no endemic spe- cie^, while the Alps have two hundred. Speak- ing generally, the longer the isolation the ■ the endemism of a region. See Distribution "i Plants. ENDER, gn'dSr., Austrian family "f painters, all born in Vienna. Johann (1793 1854), historical and portrait painter, pupil of Mamer. Caucig, Fiiger, and Lampi, at the Vien- na Academy, where he obtained four prizes, among them the great gold dal. lie made an early success in painting portraits, almost ex- clusively in the circles of the highest aristocracy, and iii lsis i ;i traveled with Count SzecheViyi in Italy, Greece, and Turkey. I'r 1820 to 1826 i' ie, studying and copying the great i '. i-ii to Paris, ret urned to ienna, where he became celebrated as a painter of miniature portraits, in the manner of Isabey, ducing ■■ nsiderable number i itin I i i 1828 I- 18 iO he was Madonna with t he i hihl Slumbei ing cA I tei Feet " is in the i t Museum ; ureliu Deathbed," in the Eszterhftzy Gallery; but his the fresi o pnintii ot t he of the chapels in ithedral at I 'hom s i 1703 1876), i apital In ii i, pupil el Ji in. i Hid Steinfeld i mill his Ic Lor rain, and ■ mi' .i nd " I leeh- i n lsi7 he :ir, ompanied t he u v hence lie broil In I s !'i he went ENDERMIC. with Prince Metternieh to Italy, remained four years in Rome, also visited Palestine and Greece, and in 1820 Paris. He was professor at the Vienna Academy from 1836 to 1852. Of his nu- merous Austrian mountain landscapes, a "View of the Grossgloekner," "The High Goll Near Berch- tesgaden," "Castle Tyrol." and "Val de Non in South Tyrol," are in the art museum at Vienna, and a "Chapel in the Woods" is in the National Gallery at Berlin. — Euuakd (1824 — ), son and pupil of Johann, under whose guidance he devot- ed himself more especially to the historical genre. All his pictures are pleasing in composition, brilliant in color, but his canvases illustrative of homely life really display greater merits. To the former class belong: "Tasso at the Court of Ferrara"; "Francis I. in the Studio of Cellini"; "Shakespeare Reading Macbeth Before the Court of Elizabeth"; "Young .Mozart Presented to Jo- seph II."; and of the genre scenes pure and simple, "La Corbeille de Mariage" (1850) and "A Came of Chess" (1857) are among the best. EN'DERBY LAND. A region in the Ant- arctic Ocean, in latitude 66° S., longitude 47° 20' to 49° E. (.Map: Antarctic Regions. E 4). It was discovered by Captain Biscoe, an English naviga- tor in the employ of Messrs. Enderby, of London, in 1831. He named it in honor of his employers. Owing to the rigors of the climate, Biscoe was unable to approach nearer than within 20 or 30 miles; hence could not ascertain whether the land was an island or part of a continent, a ques tion which still awaits solution. See Antarctic Regiox. ENDER'MIC ( from Gk. h>, en, in + Sippa, derma, skin) and HY PODER'MIC (from Gk. vw6, hypo, under -f- Sipfia, derma, skin). Terms used to designate certain methods of making the skin an avenue for the reception of medicines. The endennie method consists in raising a blister by the ordinary process, opening it by a small puncture, which must not be at the lowest part of the bladder, gently pressing out the fluid contents, and then injecting a medicinal solution, by means of a small syringe, through the puncture into the emptied sac; or, if the medicine is in the form of powder, it may be scattered over the raw sur- face. The endermic method is now almost entire- ly superseded bj tlie hypodermic method, in which medicines are introduced into the subcutaneous cellular tissue by means of a very finely pointed syringe. For the invention of this process, the cience of medicine i- indebted to Dr. Alexander Wood, nf Edinburgh. It has been found that moi phine, fur example, given hypodermioallj. art - more Bpeedily and more powerfully than when n b i lie mouth; moreover, the medicine given in this way does not disturb the timet ions of the lie and b idminiatered in those ca e of irritation of that organ in which medicines in. rd into it would lie rejected by vomiting. On comparing the effects of medicines sub eutaneouslj injected with those produced when tin ' arc administered by the mouth, or by in- iect io I lie lower bowel, it i found Unit, in i he. , of .Ii ii"- . t he local net ion is dif- ■ | accordin r to t he mode of administration, allhot il effect produced are of the ' kind. Thus, aconitine given by the mouth 1 ■ riven by the on il causes irritation of the toil : and when " by t he local pain. I hi 1 i phine when injected under the skin