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* FLODDEN FIELD. 7 11 his noblemen. Surrounded by outnumbering ene- mies, they fought bravely until darkness came on. and the King fell pierced by an arrow and mortally wounded in the head. The hill was held during the night by the Scots ; but at dawn, seeing the hopeless nature of affairs, they aban- doned their position. Their loss aim united to from 8000 to 10,000 men. Besides the King, the Archbishop of Saint Andrews and twelve earls were killed, and there was scarcely a notable Scottish family without a representative among tin- slain. The English loss amounted to 4000. The sixth canto of Sir Walter Scott's poem "Marmion" gives a fairly accurate description of the action. Consult White, The Battle of Flodden (London, 1859). FLODOARD, flo'do'ar' (894-966). A canon of Rheims, noted for his historical writings. His most important works are Historia Ecclesiw Remensis (to 984), and his Annales (919-66). These are of the greatest importance for a knowl- edge of the history of the tenth century. In ad- dition he wrote a number of works in verse. For the various editions, etc.. consult: Wattenbach, Deutschlands Geschichtsquellen, vol. i. (6th ed. Berlin, 1893) ; Potthast, Bibliotheca Historica Medii JEvi (Berlin, 1862-68). FLOE-HAT. The ringed seal {Phoca his- pida), commonly observed in the Arctic-Atlantic regions lying upon the ice-floes. See Seal. FLOGEL, fle'gel, Karl Friedrich (1729-88). A German literary historian. He was born at Jauer, Silesia, studied theology at Halle, and became professor of philosophy at the Ritter- akademie at Liegnitz in 1774. His reputation rests upon the work entitled Geschichte der ko- mischen Litteratur (4 vols.. 1784-87), in which the author, after a general preliminary treatise on the element of the humorous, reviews the his- tory of satire among the Greeks, Romans, and the various nationalities of modern Europe; the fourth volume being devoted to a discussion of comedy, farce, and comic opera. As a continua- tion of the work, the author published the sup- plementary productions, Geschichte des Grotesk- komischen (5th ed. 1888) ; Geschichte der Eofnarren (1789) ; and Geschichte des Burlesken (1793). FLOGGING. The infliction of blows by a rod or scourge, especially when directed by a court or by one who is invested with public authority. In barbarous times, scourging in various forms was common to all nations; it was a common practice among European nations down to mod- ern times. With a defective system of detention, flogging appeared to be the most effective method of dealing with petty offenses. In the army and navy of England this method <>f punishment ex- isted until a comparatively r nt date, being finally discontinued under a regulation of 1881; and it is only in late years that it has practically disappeared, both in Great Britain and the I nited States, as a means of prison discipline. In Russia Hogging is still common in prisons. In recent years there has been, in some parts of the United States, a revival of sentiment in favor of re toring flogging as a method of punish- ing the petty offenses of persons who And it no i 'I'l hip to spend a few days in jail, e.g. habitual wife beaters, vagrants, and the like. In Dcla ing is -till ;i legal form of punishment, FLOQUET. although it is seldom resorted to. See Punish- ment. FLOOD. See Inundation; Deluge. FLOOD, Constantil.s (1837—). A Norwe- gian author, born at Porsgrund. He was a sailor for some time, and then, after a course in an agricultural school, a farmer until 1878. Then the success of some of his works and the popu- larity of plays he had written in 1863 and 1864 induced him to go to the capital and devote himself entirely to literature. The Stor- thing voted him an annual pension of a thousand crowns. He was editor of the fly illustreret Tidrmti (1883-86); wrote various sketches of life in the country and at sea: the novels Sitter and Co. (1883); Sterke Jansen (1886); and Under Kaperfktg (1895) ; the topographical and historical studies. Listerlandet (last ed. 1894); Povel Juul (1876) ; / Erigsaarene (1881) ; and Under Krigen 1807-llf ("1892), as well as abridged translations of Prescott, Washington Irving, and Cook's voyages. FLOOD, Henry (1732-91). A British politi- cian and orator. He was born in Ireland, was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and at Oxford, and in 1759 entered the Irish House of Commons. Here he soon attracted attention by his eloquence, which, combined with his high social standing, made him a leader of the popu- lar party. He was afterwards for some time Privy Councilor for the two kingdoms, and Vice- Treasurer for Ireland, but lost the latter office (1781) because of his strong Nationalist sym- pathies. Disliking Grattan's Irish Bill of Right* on the ground of its not going far enough. Flood became involved in a famous quarrel with his former friend. His later career in the English House of Commons was not marked by success. He was the author of some poems and of a vol- ume of Speeches (1787) that are noteworthy for their good style and logical method. Con- sult: Warden Flood, Memoirs of Henry Flood (Dublin, 1838) ; and Lecky, Leaders of Public Opinion in Inland (New York, 1872). FLOOD-PLAIN. A level land area on a river border, formed in times of inundation by de- positions of silt, sand, or gravel, which have been eroded and transported from higher land. Owing to frequent additions of new material, the soil of flood-plains, or bottom-lands as they are popularly called, is fertile and highly productive, but often subject to damage by flood, and in northern districts by frost. Notable examples of flood-plains are the valleys of the rivers Nile, Mississippi, Ganges, Danube, and Po. See River; Valley. FLOQUET, flo'ka', Charles Thomas (1828- 96). A French statesman and journalist, born at Saint-Jeah-de-Luz in Basses-Pyrenees. He was educated at I'aris, and took part in the Revolution of 184S. In the organization of the Government of National Defense in 1870 and during the subsequent siege of Paris. Kloquet was extraordinarily active, and was later chosen as representative to tile National Assembly by the Department of the Seine. During the Com inline (q.v.) Floquet attempted to mediate be tween the revolutionary leaders and the Ver- sailles Government, but was so radical in his sentiments that lie was arrested in 1871, and