Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 07.djvu/816

* FLINT. 732 FLINT IMPLEMENTS. he was editor of the Buffalo Medical Journal, surgeon of Buffalo City Hospital, and professor of physiology and microscopical anatomy in the University of Buffalo. In 1859 he removed to New York with his father, and was appointed professor of physiology in New York .Medical College. He was professor of physiology in the New Orleans Medical College in 1800, and stud- ied in Europe in 1800 and 1801. He was pro- fessor of physiology and microscopic anatomy in Bellevue Hospital Medical College, New York City, from 1801 till this institution was consoli- dated with the medical department of New York University in 1898. when he was appointed professor of phj-siology in Cornell University Medical College. He was, in 1874, Surgeon-Gen- eral of New York State. He carried out exten- sive experimental investigations in human phys- iology, and made several important discoveries. He assisted in establishing the glycogenic func- tion of the liver: showed that one of the func- tions of the liver is to separate from the blood the cholesterin, which is a product of the ner- vous system, and which, becoming a constituent of the bile, is afterwards converted into what he named 'stercorin.' the odorous principle of the faeces. His principal works are: The Physiology of Man (5 vols., 1806-74; 4th ed. 1888) ; Chemi- cal Examinations of Urine in Diseases (5th ed. 1879) ; Effects of Severe and Protracted Mus- cular Exercises (1871): Source of MuscuUir Power !lS7S>) ; Text-book of Human Physiology (1875) ; Experiments Regarding a New Function of the Liver, Separating the Cholesterin of the Blood and Eliminating it as Stercorin (1862); The Physiology of the Nervous System (1872) ; Mechanism of Reflex Nervous Action in Normal Respiration (1874) : The Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus (1884) : Manual of Chemical Examina- tion of the Urine in Disease (1893); Stercorin and Cholestercemia (1897). FLINT, Robert (1838—). A Scotch theo- logian, born in Dumfriesshire. He studied at Glasgow University, and from 1859 to 1804 was pastor successively of churches at Aberdeen and Kilconquhar. From 1864 to 1876 he was pro- fessor of moral philosophy and political economv at Saint Andrew's University, and in the latter year was appointed professor of divinity in Edin- burgh University. He was Stone lecturer at Princeton University in 1880, and Croall lec- turer at Edinburgh in 1887-88. and a foreign cor- respondent of the French Institute. His works number the following: Christ s Kingdom on Earth (1865) ; Philosophy of History in Europe (1874); Theism (1877) ; Historical Philosophy in ['ranee (1894); and Sermons and Addresses (1899). FLINT, Solomon. A wealthy miser in Foote's play The Maid of Bath. He was meant by the author as a caricature of a certain Walter Long, whose impertinence to Miss Linlev. Sheridan's wife, was thus punished. FLINT, Timothy (1780-1840). An American author, born al North Reading, Mass. He was a graduate of Harvard, and then a Congregational pastor until 1815, after which for ten years he was a missionary and teacher in the Mississippi alley. Then, with little health and fortune left, be took up editorial work on the Cincinnati Western Review, and the Knickerbocker Vaga- (1833), and devoted himself to the wril ingof his novels and other works relating to the West and Southwest. He resided at Alexandria. 'a., in the winter and in New England in the sum- mer. The best of the novels is Francis lierrian (1826), a tale of Mexico. His Recollections of Ti u Years Passed in the Valley of the Missis- sippi (1826) was also popular, and he wrote geographies and lectures on natural history, did some translating, and furnished the London Athenasum with an early account or resume of American literature. Altogether, he was an im- portant man in his day, though long forgotten. He had a curious experience in his Massachu- setts parish, somewhat recalling the fate of Ger- bert, except that his ignorant parishioners thought that his chemical researches proved him to be a counterfeiter, not the Devil. FLINT GLASS (so called because the silica used in its manufacture was first derived from flint ). A glass whose chief constituents are the silicates of lead and potassium. It has an index of refraction of 1.62-1.63 for yellow (sodium) light, and on account of its greater dispersive power is used in combination with crown glass in the construction of achromatic prisms and lenses. See Glass; Achromatism. FLINT IMPLEMENTS. These products of handiwork are interesting to the archaeologist, the technician, and the ethnologist. The word flint must be taken to mean siliceous stones that may be flaked and fashioned into implements. For the latter word students have substituted the term artifacts. Not only tools and weapons, but ornaments, art treasures, and objects used in cults and ceremonies were made of flint from Point Barrow to Fuegia in America, and every- where in the Old World, excepting in places that do not furnish materials. In America also from the regions of cane and hardwood flint artifacts are absent. The sources of material were the open fields, boulder beds, and exposures of undis- turbed rock. The savages camped near the larger supplies, and first with hammers knocked off coarse spalls, then finer chips ; finally, with pointed implements of bone, using pressure, they acquired marvelous skill in flaking the refrac- tory materials into the desired shape. Much of the last-named process, however, was done at their homes. These ancient workshops are among the most interesting of remains, since they re- veal the steps in the earliest of human industries. Flint artifacts of the implement class pierce, cut, and abrade. They were arrow, lance, spear and harpoon heads, and bits for drills: those of the edge class were knives and saws; the abraders were scrapers for the men and skin-dressers for the women. In those regions where calcareous flint, beautiful varieties of quartz, jaspers, carne- lian, and obsidian abound, the aesthetic sense was awakened and stimulated. In public museums and private collections will he found tiny arrow- heads perfectly made, and immense ceremonial spear-heads over a foot long, having their sur- faces finished exquisitely. Flint artifacts have given tlie archaeologist a deal of trouble, as well as satisfaction. Coming upon boulders from which spalls have been Btruck, be concludes that he has found the tools of Paleolithic man. but i- later satisfied thai Ibex were the refuse of workshop or quarry belonging to later savages, Again, the products and apparatus of industry are cumulative; the new never quite drives tin- old out of vogue. So, the occurrence of more