Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 07.djvu/807

* FLESHLY SCHOOL. 728 FLETCHER. Swinburne, Rossetti, and Morris, in allusion to the sensuous atmosphere of their writings. Oic term originated as the title <>i an article by I'. V. Buchanan in tin' Contemporary Review. This article was signed with the pseudonym Thomas Mail land, and was afterwards published separate ly (London, 1872) under the title, The Fleshly School of Poetry and Otlu r Phenomena 0/ the Day. FLESSELLES, fte-sgl', Jai qi is de ( 1721-89). A French ollieial in the earliest days nl the Revolution, lie was master of requests, and then became supervisor al Moulins (1762), and in Brittany (1765), where he sided with d'Aiguil Ion and de Saint Florentin against Parliament and La Chalotais (q.v.). lie Bhowed 'himself a clever officer at Lyons, where lie went in 1767, and became popular for his unwilling acquies- cence in the policy of Turgot and later for his administration of the Government in the 'pa- ternal' mode. He became Councilor of State in 1784 and was one of those blamed for the Pact of Famine, by which, so thought the people, the royal Government had combined with the grain merchants to raise the price of breadstufTs. In 1789 he was made provost of Paris trades- men. He was proved guilty, after the taking of the Bastille, by a note found on de Launay, of attempting to deceive the people. The mob started with him to the Palais Royal, but he was shot on the way, his body horribly mutilated, and the head carried on a pike through the streets. FLES'TRIN, Quinbus (Man Mountain). A name given to Gulliver by the Lilliputians in Swift's Gulliver's Travels. FLE'TA. The title of an ancient English law book, popularly attributed to one of the learned judges of the time of Edward III., but of wholly unknown authorship. Its title is supposed to be derived from the fact of its having been writ- ten in the Fleet Prison. It is one of a numerous class of legal text-hooks, founded upon the great work of Bracton (q.v.), which appeared toward the close of the fourteenth century. It never had any considerable authority, and is inferior in arrangement as well as in originality to the treatise attributed to Britton (q.v.), which was written at about the same time and with which it is often compared. Consult J. Sheldon's Disserta- tion on Fleta, R. Kelbam, translator (London, 1771). FLETCH'ER, Alice Cunningham (1845—). An American ethnologist and worker for the bet- terment of the American Indians. She was born in Boston, Mass. In 18!)2 she was awarded the Thaw Fellowship, in the Peabody Museum of Harvard University, and as vice-president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (1896), vice-president of the Anthro- pological Society (1899), and an officer in the American Folk-Lore Society (1888) and the Archaeological Institute of America (1879), she became widely known in American scientific cir- cles. As a worker for the American Indians she originated the plan whereby, through small loans, they are encouraged to buy land and build houses. In 18S3 she was appointed United State- special agent to allot the Omaha tribes their lands in severalty, and in 1887 she acted in the same capacity for the Winnebago and Nez Pen e tribes. Tact, sympathy, and a just appreciation of the Indians enabled her to discharge all these missions successfully, and incidentally endeared her to the tribes for whom she worked. In I Mi Fleb hei of 1 he judge in 1 he An thropological Depat 1 lie u 01 Id' 1 olum bian Exposit ion, and she wa 1 also appoint member of 1 he boa rd in 1 he depa 1 1 tnent of anthropology in the 1 nivei itj of California. 1 Ler publicat ions include upon American ethnological subjects, such .1 fm Ceremonies (1884), and I Study of Omaha In ilimi Music (1893), published by the Peab Museum; Tht Import 0) th< Totem (1897), pub- lished by the Smithsonian in titution; other monographs published by the 1 nited states Bu reau of Ethnology; various article in Tin L« thropologist, tin- Folk Lor< Journal, and Beienci . a Report on Indian CiviU ation and Education, published by the 1 nited Mate- Senate; and In dian Song and Story for A 01 ih I nu riea (] BOO), a unique collection of native music gathered from the Omaha, Pawnee, and cither Western tribes, and accompanied by translations and >iory texts, which has already borne fruit by suggest ing American composition-. FLETCHER, Andbew (1655-1716). A Scotch patriot and publicist. He was born in Saltoun, East Lothian. His father, Sir Robert Fletcher, dying when his son was ten years of age, committed him to the care of Gilbert Burnet, who superintended his education for live years In 1681 he sat in Parliament as commissioner for East Lothian. Prior to this he had strongly opposed Lauderdale's policy, and now offered a determined opposition to the test oath and to the Duke of York's oppressive measures. He was obliged to flee to Belgium ; but fearing arrest by Spanish agents, he secretly returned to Eng land, and after the Rye House Plot, in which he had counseled moderation, he joined the Duke of Monmouth in Holland. He landed with Mon- mouth's expedition at Lyne, Dorsetshire, but in a quarrel about a horse, shot a local ex-alderman, a fellow-campaigner, and fled to Spain for safety. The authorities imprisoned him when he landed ; but he made a romantic escape, and after travel- ing in disguise through Spain, reached Hungary, where he fought as a volunteer against the Turks He joined .William of Orange at The Hague in 1688, and in the Revolution returned to Scotland. His policy was now to create a Scotch Home Rule Party. After the Union he retired from public life and devoted himself to agriculture. Among his improvements was the introduction of win nowing fanners and of pot barley into Scotland. His polemical tracts, which appeared anonymous- ly, were collected and published after his death. Consult: Fletcher. Political Works (London, 1732) ; Erskine, Essays on the I. ins ami Writ- ings of Fletcher, etc. (London, 1792); Omond, Fletcher of Saltoun (New York. 1897): Burnet, History of Hi* Own Time 16 vols., Oxford, ls.'i.'ii ; Dalrymple, Memoirs of Great Britain ami Ireland (London. 1873) ; Wbdrow, History of the Suffer inns of the Church of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1842). FLETCHER, Benjamin. V Colonial Governor of New York, from 1692 to 1698. The date and place of his birth and the date of his death are unknown. By profession a soldier, he served in the Low Countries and in Ireland, and in 1692