Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 07.djvu/792

* FLAVIAN. 710 FLAX. famous Orations on the Statues were delivered. After 302 Flavian had no rival claimant for the patriarchate, although some of the Eustathians continued to oppose him till his death. None of his writings have survived. His day in the Greek Church is September 26th. FLAVIAN, Saint (?-440). Patriarch of ( onstantinople, successor to Proclus in 446. He was deposed in 448 by the Council of Alexandria, and he is supposed to have died from injuries in- flicted by Dioscorus, the president of the council, August 11. 449, at Hypa?pa, in Lydia. He is enrolled in the martyrology of the Latin Church, his day being February 18th., FLAVIAN, Saint (?-518). In early life a monk, he became Patriarch of Antioch in 498; was deposed in 512, and banished to Petra. in Arabia, where he died, July, 518. He wavered in his faith, yet died in the odor of orthodox sanctity, and was enrolled among the saints of the Greek Church, and also, after considerable opposition, among those of the Latin Church. His day is July 4th. FLAVIAN EMPERORS. A term used to designate the three Roman emperors, Vespasian (q.v. ) and his two sons, Titus (q.v. ) and Do- mitian (q.v.). FLAVIGNY, fla'vd'nye', Marie Catherine Sophie de. See Agoflt. FLA'VIN (from.Lat. flams, yellow). A yel- low coloring matter employed in the dyeing of wool. It is obtained from quercitron ( q.v. ), by boiling with dilute acids. The coloring sub- stance of flavin is quercetin, C 24 H ie O u + 3H 2 0, flavin being the commercial name of this sub- stance in the impure state. FLAVIO, fla'vyft, Biondo, or Bionda da FloriI (1388-1463). An Italian historian and anti- quary. He was born in Rome and studied under Ballistario of Cremona. Afterwards he became secretary to Popes Eugenius IV., Nicholas V., Calixtus III., and Pius II. His principal works, which are still regarded as valuable sources by the student of Roman history and antiquities, in- clude: RomcB Instauratw Libri Tres (1482); Romce Triumphantis Libri Decern (1482); Italia lllustrata (1474) ; Historiarum ab Inclina- tione Romani Imperii ad Annum l-'i^O, Decades III., Libri XXXI. (1483). FLAVORING PLANTS I from /laror, OF. flaveur. odor, ML. flavor, yellow gold, yellowness, f r< >■ ii Lat. flavere, to be yellow, from flavus, yel- low). Plants which impart their characteristic flavors to condiments, culinary preparations, bev- erages, medicines, etc., with which they arc mixed. Usually the part richest in the flavor is employed either in its native state or prepared in some way. The following examples will illustrate. The bark of the root (sassafras) ; the ru.it (lic- orice) ; rhizome (ginger and peppermint); bark (cinnamon); leaves (bay and culinary herbs. ii. > i a age thyme, etc.); flower-buds (cloves, capers); flowers (hops); arillode of the seed (mace) : rind of (lie fruit (citron, etc.) : unripe fruit (allspice) : fresh ripe fruit (lemon) ; dried ripe fruii (vanilla, pepper) J seed I nutmeg, car- away) Mum .>i these owe their powers to ential nils, which in some cases are extracted and used in a similar miuui. i of "Ihers are due t. esters, alkaloids, etc, spin's. ., group of flavoring plants, are aim.' I rhollj tropical in their origin, and were formerly grown in and exported from the East. Arabia was at one time noted as the land of spices, not so much because spices were produced there as becaua that country was the great distributing centre. Tropical America, which has made some notable additions to the list of flavoring plants, e.g. Cayenne pepper and vanilla, has developed a profitable industry in the growing and the ex- porting of certain Asian spices, especially ginger and cloves. The five spices illustrated herewith are treated more fully under their respective names. ( 1 ) Cinnamon is the dried bark of Cinnamomum Zeylanicum, and of its close rel- atives, trees which grow in the East. The species figured is a native of Ceylon, which is cultivated in many other tropical countries, but nowhere else produces bark of such high quality. (2) Black pepper, the most widely used of all spices, is the dried fruit of Piper nigrum, a native of the East Indies, but culti- vated in other tropical countries. The stems, which are vine like and seldom grow more than twenty feet long, spread so much that poles or trees are used to support them. The plants produce a profusion of mostly hermaphrodite flowers in spikes opposite the leaves. The crop is gathered as soon as the first berries become red, and is ready for export after drying. (3) Nutmeg is the kernel of the fruit of Myristica fragrans or moschata and other related species, trees indigenous ' to the East, but cultivated in the tropics throughout the world. The succulent golden-yellow pear-like fruit opens by two valves and exposes the kernel as shown. These exterior parts, which look like candied fruit, are often preserved as a confection. The inner envelope which surrounds the nut is used in cookery under the name of mace (q.v.). (4) Ginger, the creep- ing rootstocks of various species of Zingiber, of which the commonest is Zingiber officinale, is used as a condiment and a medicine, for which pur- poses it is cultivated in and exported from va- rious tropical countries, especially the West Indies. The finest quality is said to come from Jamaica. The common species is a native of the East Indies, where it has been cultivated for hundreds of years. (5) Cloves are the dried flower-buds of the clove-tree (Eugenia caryophyl- lata), a pyramidal evergreen often forty feet tall in its native home, the Spice Islands. The leaves, flowers, and bark are aromatic, and the olive-like fruit, which is exported to a small extent under the curious name of 'mother of cloves.' has a similar but weaker odor and flavor. See HERBS, ft 1,1 NARY. FLAX (AS. fleax, OHG. flahs, Ger. Flaehs; probably connected with Goth, flahta, hair-plait, Ger. fiechten, to weave. Lat. plieare, to fold). An annual planl of the genus l.inum (order l.ina .tmO. of which there are i e than one hundred known species, mostly annual and perennial herbs, scattered over the globe. They arc most abundant in Europe and northern Africa. The common flax (Linum usitatissimum) is an annual indig- enon i" Mir Mediterranean region of Europe and Africa and to some parts ,,f Asia, but now dis- tributed over both hemispheres. This mosi coin mon species of flax has a very slender, erecl stem, two t" three feel tall, branching only near llir top, which bears beautiful blue, or sometimes