Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 07.djvu/791

* FLATWOKM. 70II FLAVIAN. (q.v.), and embracing the planarians, ilukes, tapeworms, and nemertineans. The body in al- most all cast's is greatly llattened, so as to be leaf- like or ribbon-like, with a forward end marked in some way, though a head is rarely distinct, and right and left sides; some are minute, others easily visible, or like long narrow ribbons. Some are vividly colored, but most are of dull hue, and there is a varying complexity of structure and great diversity in habits of life. In development some are direct, while others go through a metamorphosis. They are the most widely dis- tributed of any phylum, dwelling '"on land, in fresh water down to the bottom of some of the deepest lakes, on the seashore, in deep sea, and on the surface of the ocean ; and parasitic flat- worms live, in one phase or another, in animals of nearly every class of the Metazoa." They are regarded as having been developed from some low ancestral type of ccelenterates. Consult Parker and Haswell, Text-Book of Zoology ( Lon- don and New York, 1897 ) ; Gamble, Cambridge Natural History, vol. ii. (London, 1896). See Fluke; Nemebtinea; Planabia; Tapewobm. FLAUBERT, fio'bar', Gtjstave (1821-80). A French novelist. He united the minute realistic vision of Balzac with very great rhetorical skill, and devoted his life to the production of five volumes of rare literary art. But the impor- tance of Madame Bovary (1857), Salammbo ( 1862. well translated by J. W. Matthews, 1891 ) , L'iducation sentimentale (1869), La tentation de Saint - Antoine (1874), the Trots contes (1877), and the unfinished Bouvard ft I'veurhet lies not only in their faultless style, but in the precision with which they enunciate a view of the art of fiction that was to dominate the suc- ceeding generation. Madame Bovary gave "the formula of the modern novel" (Zola), the code of the naturalistic school. Flaubert was born in Rouen, December 12, 1821, the son of a surgeon, and inherited a power of psychic diagnosis and dissection. His vocation for literature was un- mistakable. He was wealth}', able to cultivate his taste by travel, and to produce at leisure. His early influences were strongly romantic, fos- tered by a violent love affair with a lady whom he has pictured as Madame Arneux in L'educa- tion sentimentale, and by a tenderly platonic at- tachment to Madame Colet. Hating democracy and wishing to hide the epilepsy to which he was subject, he became more and more a recluse. Ex- cept for literary journeys to the East, particular- ly to Carthage, he spent his life at a suburban house in Rouen, cloistered for months together in unremitting study, relieved by occasional visits to Paris, where he gave free scope to a Rabelaisian fancy in the society of the Goncourts. whose Journal is filled with his sayings. In general he affected, and in good measure attained, an objec- tive attitude toward life, which, he says, ap- peared to him as material for description, an end in itself: and he is thus the type of the artist for art's sake. Madame Bovary is the epic of the commonplace, the bitterest satire on roman- ticism. In it sentiment leads to shipwreck, self- sufficient mediocrity to success. Salammbo ap- plies the same method and philosophy to the civilization of ancient Carthage; L'iducation sen- timentale to the Paris of 1848. seeking to be 'implacable.' and becoming unjust, but producing what Zola pronounces "the only truly historical novel that I know in which the resurrection of dead Injurs is absolute, with no trace of the nov- elist's trade." In I. a tentation de Saint-Antoine Flaubert pushed the paradox to it- extreme, and in three hundred pages oi t he mofll polished prose of his century sought to express the essential folly and futility of thought itself and of the whole sentient world. La tentation is the su- preme expression in fiction of nihilistic pe -im ism, of the idealist turned skeptic, and withal the best example of dream-literature in the world. The Trois contes show Flaubert's genius epit- ized. There is pathos of sordid commonplace in I n rtinr simple; a remarkable power of pro jection into other realms of thought, and life is in La legende de Julien I'hospitalier, and in Herodias there is a grandiosely romantic realism. These three titles would alone suffice to define Flaubert's place as the connecting link between the romantic and the naturalistic schools. Be- longing to neither, he unites both in a synthesis of romanticism and science that was to guide the development of the French novel for a genera- tion, lie died at Croiset, May 8, 1880. Consult ; Tarver, Gustave Flaubert as Seen in Bis Works and Correspondence (London, 1895) ; Faguet, Flaubert (Paris, 1899). FLAUGERGUES, ll.Vzharg'. Hoxobe (1755- 1830). A French astronomer, born at Viviers, where he lived and died, never leaving the town. He refused an offer of the directorship of the Observatory of Toulon in 1797, preferring, it is said, to be justice of the peace in Viviers. His contributions to variors technical journals from 1790 to 1830 dealt with the satellites of Jupiter, Saturn's ring, the spots and markings on Mars, and especially with comets. He discovered the great comet of 1811. FLATJX, Arc, AKMAND de (1819— ). A French author, born at Uzes. He published two volumes of verse, Nuits d'eti (1850), Sonnets (1804), and descriptive works on Tunis, Denmark, and Swe- den, whither he had been sent upon literary mis- sions by the Government. FLAV'EL, John (c.1630-91). An English Nonconformist divine. He was born at Brorns- gruv,'. Worcestershire; was educated at Oxford, and became curate at Deptford in 1650, and at Dartmouth in 1656. Under the Act of Uniform- ity he was ejected from bis living, but he con- tinued to preach privately. After 1687 he was minister of a Nonconformist church at Dart- mouth. Among his popular writings on practical religion is Husbandry Spiritualized (1669). His collected writings appeared in six volumes I New- castle, 1797). and selections, edited by Bradley (London, 1S23). FLAVIAN (Lat. Flavian)/*). Saint (?-404), Patriarch of Antioch. 381-404. He led an ascetic life, devoted his property, which was consid- erable, to the Church, became an influential mem- ber of the Meletian party in the contest with the Eustathians (see Eustathius; Meletius), and was chosen by the former to succeed Meletius as Patriarch in 381. The Eustathians strove for the recognition of Paulinus. who had already been set up in opposition to Meletius. and a bitter con- test ensued. In 387 a serious sedition occurred in the streets of Antioch. and the statues of the Emperor Theodosius were overthrown. Flavian journeyed to Constantinople, and his influence was sufficient to prevent the punishment of the rebellious people. It was then that Chrysostom's