Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 07.djvu/788

* FLAT. 71 is FLATWORM. This system has long been in use in Europe, and particularly on the Continent, but recently has been more commonly adopted in England and America, not only for the poorer classes, but also among the rich, in New York, especially in the uppermost part, and other American cities many elegant buildings have been erected of late years, which far surpass anything of the kind in Europe. The size of such buildings, as well as their con- venience, is increasing each year. Each suite has its private hall, extensive drawing-rooms, dining-room, butler's pantry, bath, kitchen with all conveniences, electric bells, and elevators. In some American cities, especially New York, local "usage distinguishes between a flat and an apart- ment, restricting the former term to the cheaper suites of rooms, in which there is no elevator, hall service, or restaurant, each or all of which conveniences may be looked for in an 'apartment.' See Apartment House. FLATBTJSH. A residential section of Brook- lyn. FLATEYJARBOK, ftat'g-ySr-bok (Icel., book of Flatey). A manuscript collection of sagas con- nected with the times of the Norwegian kings Olaf Tryggvasson and Olaf the Saint, once owned in the Icelandic island of Flatey, now in the Royal Library in Copenhagen. It is the work of two Icelandic priests (1380-95), and is impor- tant as one of the chief sources for the Norse discovery of America. FLATFISH. A general name for a large and important group of marine aeanthopterygious fishes constituting the suborder Heterosomata, and embracing the families Pleuronectidae (flounders) and Soleidse (soles). They have much compressed bodies, swim upon their sides, near the bottom, and all have the fore part of the skull twisted so as to allow of two eye-orbits on the same side, one vertical and one lateral. See Flounder; Sole; Turbot, etc. FLATHE, fla'te, Heixrich Theodor (1827- 1900). A German historian, born June 1, 1827, at Tanneberg in Saxony. He studied philology and history in the University of Leipzig, and in 18110 became a professor in the Fiirstensehule at Meissen. He retired from active life in 1895, and died March 26, 1900. Flathe was an indefati- gable writer and editor, his special field being Saxon and modern history. He published nu- merous monographs in Weber's Archiv fiir sach- sische Oeschidhte. He prepared for the Heeren and Ukert series a new edition of E. W. Biitti- ger's Oeschidhte des Kurstaates und Konigreichs Sachsen (1867-73). His own writings include a history of the Fiirstensehule at Meissen (1789) ; Katechismus der allgemeimen Weltgeschichte (1884); Das Zeitalier der Restauration und Revolution, 1815-51, in the well known Oncken scries (188:!); Deutsche Reden, DenkmSler eur vaterldndischen Oeschidhte des t9ten Jahrhun- ihrlx ( 1 S!i:{ 91) ; and contributions, in three vol- umes, under the title Die neueste '/.<ii I 18s; 921. to the lllgemeine Weltgeschichte, by Flathe, Hcrtzberg. and other-;. An American translation nt Die neuestt Zeit, with extensive additions, was announced in 1901. Flathe's historical writings
 * ire marked by careful investigations of the

sources and impartial treatment. FLATHEAD. A fish, the barramunda (q.v.) FLATHEAD, or Salish. An important Sa- lishan tribe, and the one from which the stock takes its name, formerly holding the mountain region of northwestern Montana and centring about the lake and river of that name. Among the early explorers and traders they were noted for their friendly and honorable character, and because, while not aggressive, they bravely de- fended themselves against the inroads of their enemies, the Blackfeet. Singularly enough, they never had the custom of flattening the head, as their popular designation would imply, the name arising from the fact that the more western tribes on the Columbia, which practiced this cus- tom almost universally, considered themselves in consequence as having pointed heads, and there- fore distinguished the Salish, whose skulls were not thus deformed, as 'flatheads.' The Jesuit missionary De Smet began work among them in 1841, founding the mission of Saint Mary, long known as the most successful Indian mission in the Northwest. Together with the confederated Pend d'Oreille and a band of Kutenai Indians they are now gathered upon the Jocko reservation within their ancient territory, the combined tribes numbering 1280. FLATTHAN, Thomas (1637-88). An Eng- lish poet and painter, born in London. He was educated at Winchester and Oxford, and was called to the bar, but gave up law to follow art and literature. His Poems and Songs ( 1674 ) were well received, but his miniatures are more valued at. the present day, notably that of him- self in the Dyce collection, South Kensington Museum. He was credited with the authorship of certain satirical works in prose, and he un- doubtedly inspired Pope's Dying Christian by lii-. own "A Thought of Death," one of the Poems and Sonus. FLATTERS, fla'tar', Paul Francois Xavier (1832-81). A French officer and explorer, born at Laval, a son of Jean Jacques Flatters, the sculptor. He took part ill the Crimean War, and was made lieutenant at Sebastopol ; distinguished himself in the Italian campaign (1859), and was captured at Sedan. After eight years of service in Algeria he was ordered by the Government to act on a commission to consider the feasibility of building a railroad connecting Algeria with the Su- .l.iii. His first expedition, which started in 1880. got as far as Lake Menkhugh, and turned back just in time to escape the Tuaregs. sent out to kill them. The second trip began in the latter part of the same year, and was probably watched all the way by Berber spies. Six hundred men from three Tuareg tribes met the party at Bir-el Gharama, lured Flatters away and killed him. and later massacred most < >f the party. The "Hi cial record of the expedition was lost, but some of Flatters's papers were preserved, and they are (lie basis of much of our knowledge of the Sa- hara. Consul! Brosselard, Les deum missions Flatters (Paris, 1889). FLATTERY, CAPE. See Cape Flattery. FLATULENCE (from Neo-Lat. flatulentua, flatulent, from Lat. flatus, a blowing, from flare, to blow, OHG. hlnj,,,,. Ger, blahen, s. blawan, Eng. blow). Distension of the stomach or bowels l.y the 2HSes formed during digestion, See In- IIIOKSI ||. FLATWOKH. A general mime for a L'roin. of worms constituting the phylum Platyhelminthes