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* FLANDRIN. 707 FLAT. were those of Napoleon III., Prince Jerome Na- poleon, Duchatel, Mile. Maison, and M. Say. lie was made officer of the Legion of Honor and member of the Academy in 1853, ami professor of painting in the Academy in 1857. He died in Home, March 21, 1864. His correspondence was published alter his death by Delaborde, under the title, Lettres et pensies d'Hippolyte Flandrin (Paris, 1865). AUGUSTE (1804-1842), the elder brother of Hippolyte. He studied at the Keolo des Beaux- Arts in Lyons, and became a lithographer. In 1832 he joined his brothers in the atelier of In- gres in Paris, and visited Italy. Returning to Lyons, he was made professor at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts and taught the doctrines of Ingres for many years. Jean Paul ( 1811-1902), the younger brother of Hippolyte, studied ;it the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Lyons. He followed his brother to Paris, studied with Ingres, and went to Rome in 1834. He exhibited at the Salon frequently, and won several medals, but spent most of his life as the assistant of his brother Hippolyte. After the latter's death he finished the decorations of the nave of the Church of Saint-Germain-des-Prgs from his designs. He was employed independent- ly in the Church of Saint-Se'verin, the Palace of the Legion d'Honneur, and at the Luxembourg. He painted many landscapes. Consult: Saglio, "Hippolyte Flandrin," in Gazette des Beaux-Arts (Paris, 1864); Arlich, "Hippolyte Flandrin." in Fine Arts Quarterly Review, xo. v. (London, 1866) : Poncet. Hippolyte Flandrin (Paris. 1864) ; Clement. Etudes sur les beaux-arts en France (Paris, 1865) ; Blanc, Les artistes de mon temps (Paris, 1876); Lear, A Christian Fainter of the Nineteenth Century (London, 1875) ; Beulg, Notice historique sur la vie et les ouvrages de M. U. Flandrin (Paris, 1869) ; Gautier, Portraits contemporains (Paris, 1872). FLANGE (later form of flanch, from flank, OF., Fr. fane, ML. flancus, flank, from OHG. hlanca, flank, dialectic Eng. lank, groin). A pro- jecting rim, rib. or ridge, on any object, as the ridge on the inner edge of a car-wheel or the rim on the end of a cast-iron pipe. A railway rail is made up of a head, a web. and a base, and the base is formed by two flanges ; a steel I-beam has a vertical web and a horizontal top and bottom double flange. Flanges are employed on a multitude of objects, of which those named are merely familiar examples. See the article Railways. FLANK (OF., Fr. flame, flank). In military formations, a wing or extremity. Flank files, companies, battalions, or regiments are the troops on the right and left extremities of the main body. The flank is a source of weakness to the front in proportion to its length and vul- nerability; and of strength if protected by the natural conformation of the terrain, in that it releases a larger force for the front, or wherever the danger threatens. A flanking or turning movement, owing to the danger and cost of frontal attack, is now a movement of supreme impor- tance. See Attack : Tactics. Military. FLANNEL (OF. flanelle, of doubtful origin. possibly connected with OF. flaine. pillow-case, which 6eems to be derived from the Celtic; Ir. olann, woo], Welsh gwlan, Corn, glucm, Bret. gloan, linen, Lat. lana, Eng. wool; with Fr. fl for Celt, rl, as in I'r. fUohe, arrow, from [r. fleso). A woven fabric used chiefly Eoi loth- ing and othei garments. Flannels are usually made of wool, with which may he combined or woven silk, linen, cotton, n worsted yarns. They an- dyed in all shades of solid colors. and many an' printed or embroidered with various designs and patterns. Vegetable oi chemical coloring agents are largely used for dyeing, and in recent years the varietj and brilliancy of coloring has been greatly increased.

wool flannels, which were largely u ago by working people, bave no! been manu- factured recently so extensively, owing to tin- cheaper and more attractive fabrics produced by the admixture or use of cotton, although all-wool blue and scarlet flannels are still used largely by firemen, miners, sailors, and laborers. French flannels are made of wool and worsted, or wool with silk warps in various grades, and are extensively used for women's garments, ('anion flannels, so called, although made entirely of col ton, have the face of the goods carefully napped or teasled. The fibres are fulled or felted and combed out so as to make a soft and fleecy sur- face. Outing flannels are loosely woven fabrics of cotton which have been manufactured within the past twenty years, and have a napped face, and are made in many designs with attractive color- ings. Domett flannels are made with cot'ton warp and woolen filling, being manufactured in both plain and fancy colorings. For detailed description of manufacture of flannels and other fabrics, see Wool and Wor- sted Manufactures. FLANNELMOTJTH. A local name in the United States for ( 1 ) the great fork-tailed cat- fish (Amiurus lacustris) of the Mississippi Val- ley; and (2) a sucker (Catostomus latipinnis) of the Rio Colorado and its tributaries. FLASH, Sir Petkonel. An adventurer, who wished to forsake town and trouble for Virginia and bucolic content, in Chapman, Marston, and Jonson's Eastward Bo. FLASSAN, fla'siiN', Gaetan Raxis de (1760- 1845). A French diplomat and historian. He was born at Bedouin (Vaucluse), and received a military education in Paris. He was professor of history at the military Academy at Saint-Ger- main, and in 1814 was a member of the French embassy in Vienna. His principal work is the Histoire gtnirale de la diplomatie fra-ncaise depuis la fondation. de la monarchic jusqu'au 10 Aout J792 (7 vols., 1811). FLAT (Icel. flatr. OHG. flats, flat). A music- al character, shaped thus y, which, when placed before a note, lowers that note half a tone. If this note, or its octave, occurs more than once within the same bar it is always played flat, al- though not again marked. When the original natural tone is to be played again in the follow- ing bar it is customary to mark it with a natural (pi). The dnulih flat (,f) lowers a note two chromatic half-tones. FLAT. A floor or story in a building, fitted up especially for a dwelling, so that each suite of apartments contains all the requirements of a home. A single floor is often divided into two or more apartments; and four, six. or even more of these dwellings open upon one stairway.