Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 07.djvu/784

* FLAMINIO. mi FLAMSTEED. complaint. His complete works, with his father's poems, were published at Padua (1743) ; they in- clude some rather erotic lyrics, a poetical ver- sion of thirty psalms, prose versions of all the psalms and of the twelfth book of Aristotle's Metaphysics, and an Italian grammar, Com- pendio della volgar grammatica. FLAMIN'IUS, Gaius ( ?-b.c. 217). A Roman general, renowned in the Gallic and Hannibalic wars, and as builder of the Via Flaminia, and of the Circus Flaminius at Rome. Descended from high plebeian stock, he was the most illustrious member of his family. We first hear of him as tribune of the people (tribunus plebis), in B.C. 232, when his energies were wholly employed in opposition to the Senatorial or Conservative Party. He proposed and carried an agrarian law for the division among the plebeians of the re- cently conquered lands of Picenum, and of the Senonian Gauls. As praetor in 227, he received the government of the Province of Sicily, which he administered well. In 223 he was consul with P. Furius Philus, and took the field against the Gauls of northern Italy, who, frightened at the above-mentioned division of Gallic lands and fearing similar attempts on their own territories, had broken into hostilities against Rome. As soon as Flaminius with his army left the city, his political enemies set about to secure the an- nullment of his election on religious grounds. Just as the consuls were preparing battle with the Insubrian Gauls, a dispatch arrived from Rome with orders to return at once; but it was not opened until Flaminius had gained a signal victory on the banks of the Adda. Upon learning the purport of the dispatch, Furius at once left the field ; but Flaminius refused to obey until he brought the campaign to a successful ending. He was summoned before the Senate to answer for his disobedience, but the admiring populace accorded him a triumph. In 221 he was magister equitum to the dictator, M. Minucius Rufus : but. owing to an unfavorable omen, both weTe soon forced to abdicate. In 220 he was censor with L. .Emilius Papus, and constructed the great high- way from Rome to Fanum Fortune (Fano), on the Adriatic Sea, called after him Via Flaminia. In 218 he gained the further enmity of the con- servatives by supporting a proposal of Q. Clau- dius that senators should have no commercial dealings. Elected consul again for the year 217, he took command of the army to check the ad- vance of Hannibal, and in his haste to leave the city In- neglected to observe the customary reli- gious formalities. In order to block Hannibal's march, he led his troops from Ariminum (Rim- ini) to Arretium (Arezzo), but was caught un- prepared on the shores of Lake Trasimenus, and was killed in a three hours' battle, in which 15,000 of his troops perished. FLAMM, flam, Ai.iiERT (1823—). A German landscape painter, born at Cologne, and pupil of Andreas Aehenbach at Diisseldorf, where lie set- tled after traveling in Italy. His pictures, the subjects of which are eliosen alniosl exclusively from Italian scenery, command attention by their il truthfulness to nature, careful execution, in. I lustrous coloring. One of bis best produc- tions is Hie "Approaching Storm in the Cam- mi" 11862). Among others may be mentioned "Via Vppia," in the Knnsthalle at Hamburg, a fine "Italian Landscape" (1856), in the Ravene Gallery, Berlin, and "View of Cumse" (1881), in the National Gallery, in Berlin. In 1900 the title of professor was conferred upon him. FLAMMARION, fla 'ma'rc'uN', Camille (1842 — ). A French astronomer and writer of popular scientific books, in which imagination plays a dominant part. Such are: La plurality ties mondes habites (1862; 34th ed. 1800) ; Les mcrrcillrs celestes (1866) ; L' Atmosphere (1872) ; 1 rmiie (1889); La planete Mars et ses con- ditions d'habitabilitc (1892); and several as- tronomical and spiritistic romances, and essays, of which L'inconnu et les problemes psychiques, translated into English under the title The Un- known and Psychic Problems (1900), is typical. He was born at Montigny le Roi, February 25, 1842, and his combination of mysticism and science results from early theological studies at Langres and Paris, though he left the seminary at sixteen for the Imperial Observatory, where he was a student for four years (1862-65). He became editor of a popular scientific magazine, Cosmos, in 1863, and in 1865 scientific editor of a newspaper, Le Siecle. He has since been a popular scientific lecturer, and obtained some notoriety for a series of balloon ascents for atmospheric experiments. Most of his works are translated. There is a Life, by S. Hugo (Paris, 1891). FLAMMBTJRG, Gottfried. See Ebrard, Jo- hannes Heinricii August. FLAMMERMONT, fla'mar'moN', Jules Grs- tave (1852—). A French educator and historian, born at Clermont (Oisel. In 1886 he became professor of history, and of the geography of antiquity and of the Middle Ages, in the faculty of letters at Poitiers, and subsequently was called to a similar chair at Lille. His publica- tions include Le Chancelier Ma/upeou et les Par- lements (1884: crowned by the Academy): Etudes critiques snr les sources de Vhistoin ait Will, siecle (1886) ; and Lille et le Nord au moyen age ( 1888). FLAM'MOCK'S REBELLION. An outbreak which occurred only in June, 1497, in Cornwall, England, in opposition to the levying of a tax to defray the expenses of the war against Scotland. It was led by one Thomas Flammock, and took the form of a march against London. The in- surgents were defeated on Blaekheath on the seventeenth of the month, and the leaders were summarily executed. FLAM'STEED, John (1646-1710). The first astronomer royal of England, born near Derby. He early devoted himself to mathematics and astronomy, and while yet a youth mastered the theory of the calculation of eclipses. lli« cal- culations were the means of introducing him to the notice of the eminent scientific men of his time, such as llallev ami Xewlon. through whom he was appointed astronomer to King Charles IT. in 1675. The year following the observatory at Greenwich was built for his use. and he began that series of observations (hat marked the commencement of modern practical astronomy. He formed a catalogue of the fixed stars, and furnished those lunar observations on which Newton depended for the verification of his lunar theory. The Wisteria Ccelestis Britannica, his great work, in three volumes, giving an ac- count of the methods ami results of astronomical