Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 07.djvu/78

* ENCYCLOPEDIA. 62 ENCYCLOPEDIA. tained in the book; and on the other a tendency I in which the influence of the ancient pedagogi- cal type is obvious) to restrict the vocabulary and combine the material as much as possible under comprehensive titles. In its extreme form the former has given rise to the modern 'encyclopaedic dictionary.' and sued works as the Grand Die- lionnaire ii nircrs, I tin XlXemt siecle of Pierre Larousse (for both see below), and the latter to encyclopaedias which are little or nothing but . i lions of monographs. These two types — subdivision of material and the collection of it .iphs — are distinct, though no very exacl classification of existing encyclopaedias can he based upon them, since most of them conform in varying degrees to both. It may be said, how- ever, that encyclopaedia-makers incline in prac- tice, as well as in theory, more and more toward the adoption of the former as better suited to actical needs of scientific and literary work- ers, and as, in fact, essential to the adequate presentation of the vast accumulations of mod- ern science, history, and biography. In the de- velopment of this movement the distinction be- tween the dictionary and the encyclopedia has occasionally been obliterated by the inclusion in the vocabulary of the latter of too many of the common words of the language; it is generally ■ ized, however, that this should be restrict- ed to thosa words which can properly lie made the theme of encyclopaedic articles rather than of mere definitions. As regards the material includ- ed in modern works, no general statemenl can be made that would not be subject to numerous exceptions. Some pay most attention to the sciences and arts, ethers to history, geography, biography, etc. Others are restricted to some one i or special group of subjects. Another important characteristic of modern methods is the employment of a large corps 'i pecialists, both as compilers ami a- editors. Some degree i>f cooperation of tin- kind is found in many of the encyclopaedias of the seventeenth and eigh teenth centuries, notably in the great work of Diderol ami D'Alemberi (for a description of which see bclnw i : but in the nineteenth century it was developed into an elaborate system, neces sitated especially bj the rapid advance and multi plication of the special sciences. Mo g 1 general encyclopaedia, a1 least, i~ nov po ible which ilee, lint iiielii.le ill ils editorial staff a army ol men of science, historian . theologians, lawyers, ami s,, on. The aim of its pro in a word, ollect, a1 land, 1 lie pecia I of ill'' time ami li preseni if in a manner thai is acceptable to specialists. That this ideal is nut, always realized n 1 nol lie ■aid. Lastly, the use- of pictorial illustrations - plates and diagrams, and pictures in the text, which found a place in encyclops in early nded ami their quality has, improved. The first notable encyclopaedia of ibis cl he grand d ■ historique, mi h mtlange . ! I liT I of 10), ill I'm m a i nealogy, and iphy, I' qui ntly reissued, by various hand 1 lerman. Spanish, ami Mali hi Mm. i i ■ 1 by many impcrfi I h ( m intael Among those who undertook the labor of correct- ing its defects was Pierre Bayle (1647-1706), whose Dictionnaire historiqui el critiqui i- vols., 1695-97) is the most famous encyclopaedic work of the seventeenth century. A second edition, in three volumes, was published in 17(1-!. under the author's supervision; the third (1720), in four volumes, edited by Prosper Marchand, is one of the best. It was subsequently often reissued, and was translated into English twice (first from the second edition and later from the fifth) and German. It was, in its time, an exceedingly valuable book, and is still worth consulting. By the simplicity and clearness of its style and other literary qualities it won a permanent place in the history of literature as well as in that of lexicography. Especially notable is its skeptical tone, which made it the 'object of much theologi- cal animosity. Bayle. in fact, changed his reli- gion twice, and naturally was not much loved , nli. r by Protestants or Catholics. At the same period an encyclopaedia of the dictionary type, entitled Biblioleca universale sacro-profana, de- signed to explain an immense number of words and to cover a wide range of other subjects be- sides history, biography, and mythology, was undertaken by a Venetian friar. Marco Vincenzo Coronelli. Of the forty to forty-live volumes pro- jected, only seven were issued (1701-06), compris- ing A. B, and part of C. The book is confused in plan and material, but is notable as the precur- sor of the great modern general encyclopaedias. In England the dictionary method was followed by John Harris Ic. 1(5(17-1719), who compiled a Lex-iron Technicum; or an Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, explaining not only the Terms of Art, but the Arts tin in selves, published in one volume (1704), and in a sec oml edition of two volumes (1708-10). A sup- plement 'l> a society nf gentlemen' appeared in 174 4. It. comprises technical history, geog raphy, ami astronomy; definitions of the terms of logic, metaphysics, ethics, grammar, and rial nrie; mathematics, astronomy, botany, etc The tel is illustrated wilh diagrams and figures. II was lung in popular use. In Germany an ex eellcui Lexicon universale (2 vols., 1(177: with supplement, '2 "l- . 1683) was compiled bj J. .1. Hoffmann. Notable also are the h'< nli s stnnis- Zeitung und Conversations-Lexicon (1704), and its supplement. Curieuses und reales utur-, hurst . Berg-, Geioerb-, uml Handlungs-Lexicon (1712), edited by Johann Hiibner. They were the products "I many hands, and together fur- nish the lirsl example of (hat systematic collab- oration of ■ holai w hi li * haracterizes the mod- ern . Jia. si ill m. n. comprehensive work mi tlii- plan is the Grosses oollstandiges rsal Lexii on aller n w k nschaften und Kiinste, edited by von Ludewig, Frankenstein, I OngoliuS, and .it hers, published 1732 54, ill sixty- eight volumes (foui supplementary). It is i a, 'i o Zedler's Encyclopaedia, from its pub- h her, Johannes Heinrich Zedler, nf Leipzig. An English work intrinsically much more important than thai of Harris, mentioned above, is Bphraim Chai ed 1740) Cyclopaedia; or, <m TJni- ■ ■' I " .'■■ 0/ Lrti and Si " nces, Contain •lion of tin Terms and an Account thereby in the several rts . . . uml . . . Sciences, . . . Com Best I Uthors, etc . in two volumes ■ (11 nil third (17:!9) edi-