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* FITZINGER. 691 FITZRALPH. FITZINGER, flts'Ing-Sr, Leopold Joseph (1802-8-1). An Austrian zoologist, born in Vien- na. In 1820 he published the work entitled, Ni ue Klassifikation der Reptilien nach ihren natiir- ln then Verwandtschaften, which necessitated a complete remodeling of the system of Brongniart. He was appointed director of the Zoological Gar- den at Munich in lHOiS, ami in 1805 lie was called in the same capacity to Pesth, where he continued to reside until 1873. FITZ-JAMES, flts-jamz', James i 1670-1734). See Berwick. .James Kitz-.James, Dike of. FITZMATJ'RICE, Lord EdMOND George (1840—). An English diplomat. He was born in London, a son of the fourth Marquis of Lansdowne and of Emilie de Flahaut, and was educated at Eton and at Trinity College, Cam- bridge. He represented Calne in the House of Commons I 1800-85), and was returned again in 1898. In 1880 he was made a commissioner for the reorganization of the Turkish provinces and Crete under the Treaty of Berlin ; was second Plenipotentiary at the Danube Conference (1882- 83) ; and succeeded Sir Charles Dilke as Under- Secretary of State in the Foreign Ministry. He allied himself with the Liberal Party, and distin- guished himself as a writer on foreign polities. He wrote a Life of Lord Shelburne (1875-77), and Sir William Petty, the Political Economist (1895). FITZMATJRICE, Petty. See Lansdowne. FITZPAT'RICK, Benjamin (1802-69). An American lawyer and politician. He was born in Georgia, but settled in Montgomery, Ala., where he made a reputation as a lawyer, and became known as a man of exceptional integrity in public affairs. In 1840 he was a candidate for Presi- dential elector on the Democratic ticket, and was an active worker for Martin Van Buren. He was elected Governor of Alabama in 1841, and was United States Senator from 1849 to 1861. for part, of which time he presided over the Senate as president pro tern. In 1860 he was nominated for Vice-President on the ticket with Douglas, but declined to run. When Alabama adopted her ordinance of secession in 1861, he retired from the Senate, but took no active part in Confederate affairs. He was president of the Alabama Con- stitutional Convention of 1865. FITZPATRICK, Charles (1853-). A Canadian lawyer and politician. He was born in Quebec, graduated in 1873 at Laval University, in 1876 was admitted to the bar of Quebec, and in 1879 and again in 1887 was appointed Crown prosecutor for Quebec city and district. In 1885 he was leading counsel for Louis Riel, who was tried and executed for high treason. From 1890 to 1896 he represented Quebec County as a Lib- eral member of the Quebec Assembly, and in the latter year was elected from Quebec County to the Dominion Parliament. In the same year he was also appointed Solicitor-General in Sir Wilfrid Laurier's Ministry. His legal practice soon be- came very extensive. He has been regarded as a prominent representative of the Irish Catholic element in Canada. FITZPATRICK, Richard (1747-1813). An English soldier and politician. He was educated at Westminster School, and there began his ac- quaintance with Charles .Tames Fox. who con- tinued to be his intimate friend and companion, and became, with him, a leader of fashion. In 1705 he a-, appointed an ensign in the I u Regimenl of Guards. Fitzpatrick was induced to enter polities, and in 177 1 was elected to the House "i l lommons. He war with the American colonies, bul weni America when he was ordered, fought al Bran wine and Germantown, and returned to England in 1778. In I7sl! he was I'm -i secretary to Duke of Portland, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. A year later he became Secretary of War in the Ministry of Fox ami North. Bul he wai more noted as a wit and a beau, a gentleman of pol ished maimers and court K address, than as a politician. In 1790 he made a fi us speech against Lafayette's imprisonment by the Aus trians. He was made lieutenant-general in 1798, general in 1803, and was again Secretary of War in 1806. After Pitt's death, Fitzpatrick, though still in Parliament, took little interest in polities. FITZPATRICK, WILLIAM JOHB (1830—). An Irish author, horn in Dublin. He was edu- cated at the Catholic College in Congglo Wood, and at the University of Dublin. In 1876 he was appointed professor of history at the Royal Hibernian Academy. His works, chiefly biographical, include: The Life, 'rimes, and Cor- respondence of Dr. Doyle, Bishop of Kildare (2d ed. 1880); Irish Wits and Worthies ( 1873 1 ; Life of Charles Lever (1879) ; Life of Thomas V. Burke (1886) ; Daniel O'Connell, the Liberator: Eis Letters and Correspondence (1888). FITZRALPH', Richard (?-1360). An Eng- lish prelate, champion of the secular clergy against the mendicant friars. He was born at Dundalk, County Louth, Ireland, and educated at Oxford, where he became fellow of Balliol Col- lege, and chancellor in 1333. The following year he was made chancellor of Lincoln Cathedral, a little later Archdeacon of Chester, in 1337 Dean of Lichfield, and in 1347 Archbishop of Armagh. He seems to have been a frequent and welcome visitor at the Papal Court at Avignon, and mi there in 1349 a delegation from the Armenian-, who had applied to the Pope for aid against the Mohammedans. The Pope had required as a condition preliminary to giving his help that they abjure the 117 heresies with which they were charged, and the delegation was sent for consultation. Fitzralph took part in the negol ia tions and prepared an elaborate treatise. Summa in Quwstionibus Armeniorum (printed at Paris, 1511), which was believed to refute all the Armenian heresies. He also presented to the Pope at this time a petition from the secular clergy of England againsl the mendicant friars. and was appointed to look into the matter. Re- turning to Ireland after 1350, he came out bold- ly against the friars. Between 1350 and 1350 he prepared and published a treatise on the ques- tions at issue. De Pauperie Salvatoris, in seven books. In 1356 he preached so pointedly against the friars in London that they had him cited to defend himself before the Pope. He went to Avignon and preached there, before Innocent VL. a famous sermon, "Defensio Curatorum" (printed in Goldfast's Monorchia). He died at Avignon, November 16. 1300. before the decision of the examiners was announced. In 1370 bis bones were removed from Avignon to Dundalk and pil- grimages were made to his tomb. Fitzralph was a popular preacher, and many of his sermons