Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 07.djvu/75

* ENCHANTED HORSE. . r >9 burden, but is deprived of them by the Sultan of Turkey, who, in turn, is cheated of both princess and horse by Firuz, disguised as a dervish. ENCHIRIDION 6n'kt-rId'I-6n il.nl.. from Gk. i;x"l'^""'- encheiridion, handbook). A man- ual compiled by Arrian containing a digest of the teachings of the Stoic philosopher Epictetus (q.v.). ENCHONDROMA, Sn'kSn-dr&'ma (Xeol.nl., from Gk. h>, en, in + xMp"t, chondros, carti- lage). The term employed in pathological anat- omy to signify an abnormal cartilaginous growth. These growths most commonly occur in connec- tion with the bones, and they are not infrequent in some of the glandular structures. See TlMOH. ENCINA, en-tlie'nii, Juan del (c.1468-1534). The father of the (Spanish drama, supposed to have been bom at the village of Encinas, near Salamanca, at the university of which he was educated. When about twenty-five years old he entered the household of the Duke of Alva, and soon after began to entertain his patrons with original comedies, in some of which he himself took part. In 1498 he went to Rome, where he became maestro di capella to Leo X. Afterwards he took orders, celebrated his first mass at Jeru- salem in 1519, and after his return to Rome was appointed prior of the Monastery of Leon. He is supposed to have died at Salamanca. Of Encina's poems, more than 170 lyrics have survived, many of them with musical setting-; by their author. More interesting than any of tiiese. however, are the fourteen plays, which are classified as iglogas, representaciones, and autos, which differ from one another in little except name, being all presentations of extremely primi- tive themes, the subject of which is sometimes sacred and sometimes not. He is chiefly interest- ing as marking the transition from the purely religious to the secular stage. The best edition of his works is that of Francisco Asenjo Bar- bieri, Teatro complrto (1893). ENCISO, en-lhe'so, Martin Fernandez de (c.1470-c.1528). A Spanish lawyer and geog- rapher. He went to America in 1500, set up as a lawyer in the island of Santo Domingo, and by 1509 had accumulated a fortune, which in that j ear he invested in the enterprise of Ojeda for the colonization of Tierra Firme. Ojeda having sailed in 1509, he followed in 1510. He found that Ojeda, beset by hostile Indians and failing of am- munition and supplies, had already returned in search of him. With the survivors of Ojeda's colony he founded Darien. He was shortly after deposed by Balboa, went to Spain, and in 1514 accompanied as alguacil mayor the expedition of Pedrarias, the newly appointed Governor of Darien. He published Buma de geografin (1519), the first account in Spanish of the discoveries in the New World, and in general more accurate than other early works of the sort. ENCKE, gi/ke, Erdmann (1843-96). A Ger- man sculptor. He was born in Berlin, and studied at the academy in that city and with Albert Wolff. Several of the finest pieces of statuary in the German capital were designed by him, among them the following: "Friedrich Ludwig .Tahn," bronze statue (Hasenheide, Ber- lin) ; "Frederick I., Elector of Brandenburg" Vor.. VII— 5. ENCYCLICAL LETTERS. (Facade of Town Hall. Berlin); "Queen Louise ni Prussia" (Thiergarten, Berlin); and the sarco- phagi of Emperor William I. and Empress Au- gusta in Hie mausoleum at Charlottenburg. Ho also executed a aumbei of important bronze por trail busts, in which he used polychroniy with success. He was appointed a professor of the Berlin Academy in L883. ENCKE. .Ic.iiaw Fha.nz (1791-1865.) AGei man as! omer, horn in Hamburg, where his i. it her was a clergyman. After studying ni Q8t tingen, under (Inns-, he look part in the cam paign of 1813-14, and in 1815 served in the l'rus sian Army as lieutenant of artillery. On the establishment of peace, he left the service and became assistant and afterwards principal as- tronomer in the Observatory of Seeberg, near Gotha. In 1825, chiefly at the instance of Bessel, lie was called to Berlin to become secretary of the Academy of Sciences and director of the observatory. While at Gotha, the astronomical prize offered by Cotta was awarded to Eneke by the judges/ Gauss and Olbers, for his de- termination of the orbit of the comet of 1080. this led him to investigate another problem — viz. the determination of the distance of the sun from the earth. Encke's results, based upon the two transits of Venus, in 1761 and 1709, were pub- lished in two separate tracts, entitled Die Entfer- hung der Sonne (1822-24). His best-known work, however, is his discussion of the orbit of the comet discovered by Pons. November 26, 1819, which has a short period of about 1200 days, and which has since gone by the name of Encke's comet and has appeared regularly. (See Comet.) Encke's researches on this subject are contained in the transactions of the Berlin Academy. He endeavored to explain a remarkably regular change in the comet's period of revolution as the result of some resisting substance in the space traversed by the comet. There is. however, much doubt among astronomers as to the correctness of this hypothesis. In 1830 he undertook to edit the Berlin Astronomisch.es Jah/rbuch, in which he published a number of astronomical papers. He issued four volumes of Astronomische Beobach- tungen uuf der Bternwwte eu Berlin (1840-50). ENCRATITES, en'Kra-tits (Lat. Enoratitw, Gk. 'EyKpartai, Enkratitai, from kyicpaTJjs, en- krates, self-controlled, from h, en, in + Kparm, Icratos, power). The name of early ascetics in the Christian Church. They arose at Borne about 172, and were numerous in Asia Minor. Their head and leader was the Gnostic Tatian. They forbade marriage, the eating of the flesh of ani- mals, and the use of wine, going so far as to substitute water for wine in tin' Eucharist. They were found as late as the fourth century. ENCRI'NAL or ENCRIN1TAL LIME- STONE. A name given to some limestones, from the great abundance in them of the calcareous fragments of crinoids (q.v.), whole masses of the rock being almost entirely composed of them. There are large beds in the Hamilton and Helder- berg groups in New York State. EN'CRINITES. See Crinoidea. ENCYCLICAL LETTERS ( from Lat. enegc- lio from Gk. iyKviiXtos, enkyklios, circular, from iv, en, in + /cwtAos, kyklos, circle). A term denoting, in a general sense, circular ecclesiastical letters, whether from a council, bishop, or pope. In the early Church the letters sent by the members