Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 07.djvu/742

FISHER. won many successes; but her favorite characters were such as Clari in The Maid of Milan, and the Four Mowbrays in Old and Young. She died at Metuchen, N. J. Consult: the Autobiography of Clara Fisher Maeder, edited by Douglas Taylor (Dunlap Society, New York, 1897); Ireland, in Matthew and Huttun. ed., Actors and Actresses of Great Britain and the United States (New York, 1886).  FISHER, (1825-93). An American physician, born at North Castle, N. Y., and educated at the New York University Medical School. He was medical attendant at the State prison, Sing Sing, from 1853 to 1854, United States examining physician of the Seventh Brigade, New York State National Guard, from 1853 to 1873, and president of the New York State Medical Society in 1874. He succeeded Dr. Samuel D. Gross as the contributor of a “History of Surgery” to the International Encyclopædia of Surgery, and published: On the Animal Substances Employed as Medicines by the Ancients (1862); Diploteratology: an Essay on Compound Human Monsters (1866); Are Malformations or Monstrosities of the Fœtus in Utero Ever Produced by the Power of Maternal Emotion? (1870); A Brief History of the Discovery of the Circulation of the Blood (1877); Teratology (1875); Sketches of Some of the Old Masters of Anatomy, Medicine, and Surgery (1880-83).  FISHER, (1827—). An American Congregational clergyman, distinguished as a scholar and historian, he was born at Wrentham, Mass., graduated from Brown University in 1847, and Andover Theological Seminary in 1851. In 1854 he was appointed professor of divinity and college pastor of Yale College, and held the position till 1861, when he was transferred to the professorship of ecclesiastical history in the Yale Divinity School; in 1901 he became professor emeritus. Dr. Fisher is one of the leading Church historians of the United States. He has published: Essays on the Supernatural Origin of Christianity (1865); Life of Benjamin Silliman (1866); History of the Reformation (1873); The Beginnings of Christianity (1877); Faith and Rationalism (1879); Discussions in History and Theology (1880); The Christian Religion (1882); The Grounds of Theistic and Christian Belief (1883); Outlines of Universal History (1885); History of the Christian Church (1888); Manual of Christian Evidences (1890); Mature and Method of Revelation (1890); The Colonial Era (1892); Manual of Natural Theology (1893); History of Christian Doctrine, in the “International Theological Library” (1896); Brief History of the Nations (1890).  FISHER, (c. 1459-1535). An English Churchman. He was born about 1459 at Beverley, Yorkshire, was educated at Michaelhouse, now incorporated with Trinity College, Cambridge, where he took his master's degree in 1491, and became master of the college in 1497. The same year Margaret, Countess of Richmond, mother of Henry VII., made him her chaplain and confessor. In 1501 he was elected vice-chancellor of the university, and in 1503 became the first Lady Margaret professor of divinity. In 1504 he was chosen chancellor of the university, and the same year he was appointed Bishop of Rochester. He labored diligently for the welfare of both the Church and the universities. The Reformation of Luther found in him a strenuous opponent. He refused to declare the marriage between Henry VIII. and Catharine of Aragon—whose confessor he was—illegal, and thereby won the King's hostility. He opposed the suppression of the lesser monasteries in 1529, and the acknowledgment of the King as head of the Church in 1531. He was imprisoned, and refusing to take the oath affirming the legality of Henry's marriage with Anne Boleyn, he was committed to the Tower, February 16, 1534. He was treated with great rigor, and his bishopric was taken from him. While thus situated the Pope, Paul III., as a recognition of faithful services and just merit, sent Fisher a cardinal's hat, in entire ignorance of his rupture with the King. The result was Fisher's complete ruin. He was accused of high treason, and, after a brief trial, was condemned and executed June 27, 1535. Fisher's Latin works were published at Würzburg in 1597; an edition of his English works by J. E. B. Mayor has been begun (vol. i., 1876). Consult his Life, by Lewis, edited by Turner (London, 1855), and by Bridgett (London, 1890); also Mason, Lectures on Colet, Fisher, and More (London, 1895).  FISHER, (1569-1641). An English Jesuit and theologian. He was born in Durham, was educated at the English colleges in Rheims and Rome, and entered the priesthood when but twenty-three years old. By 1594 he was a member of the Society of Jesus, and suffered religious persecution in Holland and England. Escaping from prison in his native land, he traveled to its northern parts as a missionary, and enlisted some distinguished proselytes. Again arrested, he was condemned to death, but was banished to Brussels instead, and returned to England to be kept for three years in prison, where he made many converts. He was an able debater with prominent Protestants, and was favored for a time by the Stuarts; but the Jesuits were subject to severe penal laws, and he suffered further banishment, followed by imprisonment on his return. His published writings consist of theological disputations. Consult Conference Between William Laud, Late Archbishop of Canterbury, and Mr. [John] Fisher, the Jesuit, edited by Simpkinson (London, 1901).  FISHER, (1807-73). An American author, born in Philadelphia, Pa. He graduated in 1825 at Harvard, and was admitted to the bar in Philadelphia in 1829, but did not practice. He became an incorporator of the Pennsylvania Institution for the Instruction of the Blind and a student of questions of United States, in particular of Pennsylvania, history. His chief publication was The Private Life and Domestic Habits of William Penn (1836). He wrote also an interesting study on The Degradation of Our Representative System and Its Reform (1863), and other works.  FISHER, (1616-93). An English poet and political satirist. He was born at Warnford, Dorsetshire, and was educated at Oxford and Cambridge, but went soldiering to Holland in 1638. The following year found him in the English Royalist army, where he afterwards fought under Prince Rupert; but at the defeat of Marston Moor he retired, to join the ranks of needy literary men in London. Turncoat through