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* FINNISH LANGUAGE. 628 FINSTERAARHORN. book in Finnish was probably the m Abecedarium of Michael Agrieola, Bishop of Abo, which ap- peared in the middle of the sixteenth century. A translation of the New Testament by the same bishop appeared in 1548, at Stockholm. The whole Bible was not translated into Finnish till 1642. During the last two centuries there has been considerable literary activity in Finland, and books in almost every branch of research are found in the language, mainly translations or adaptations. Finland is rich in periodicals of all kinds, the publications of the Finnish societies of literature and of the sciences and other learned bodies being specially valuable. Works on Fin- nish history and geography are quite numerous. The publication of the Kalevala cave a powerful impetus to the study of the Finnish language, which the Russian Government till recently sus- tained by encouraging the cultivation and use of their native tongue by the Finlanders. The upper classes still cling to the use of Swedish, but the peasantry and small landed proprietors wel- come with avidity every addition to the limited stock of their printed literature, and Finnish weekly papers circulate freely among them. The prose literature of Finland is almost exclusively devoted to religious and moral subjects. Bibliography. Conner, Ofv // den Finsk- Ugriska uprukforskningens historia (Helsingfors, 1872): id.. Vergleichendes Worterbuch der fin- nisch-ugrischen sprachen (3 vols., Helsingfors, 1874-88); Sjogren, Veber die finnische Spraehe mid Hire Litteratur (Saint Petersburg, 1821); Ujfalvy and Hertzbcrg, Grammaire fin/noise (Paris, IsTii): Raneken, De Litteris Hisforicis Geographicis Fennorum (Helsingfors. 1851); El- iot. Finnish Grammar (New York, 1891) ; Krohn, Finska Litteraturens Historia (Helsingfors, 1891 i : Monumenta Lingual Fewnias (Helsing- fors. 1893); Godenhjelm, Handbook of the His- tory of Finnish Literature, translated by Butler (London. 1896) ; Brausewetter, Finland im Bild seiner Dichtung I Berlin, 1890); Pipping, Zur Phonetik der finnischen Sprache (Helsingfors, 1899). FINNISH VERSION. See Bible. FINNS. A people of northern and eastern Europe and western Siberia. Ethnologic-ally they have been classed with Lapps, but Ripley calls attention to the fact that among the Esths on the Baltic coast, through the Tcheremisses on the Volga, anil beyond the CJral Mountains among the Ostiaks and Voguls in Siberia exists a long- headedness not a whit less pronounced than throughout Teutonic Germany. The Finns de scribed by Retzius and others are -aid to be the tallest of n. with fair -kin. Ilaxen hair, and blue eyes. Height (Tavastians), 1.682 meters; Soldiers, 1.713 meter'-. The cranial index among the l.ivs. Esths, Teheremissea, Tchuvashes, and Vogul Ostiaks is as low as 79 or 80. There are, however, peoples speaking Finnish dialects who are hort ind bi ichycephalic. Indeed, they are ed hi blood and necessarily present inharmo- nious oharacterist ics. Finnish-speaking people having in their veins more or loss Finnish blood may be divided as fol- lows: Hill mi BBANi H (1) Fiwii'iiit SUOMIC. The Finnish language proper, or Suomi, i- spoken in Finland and the border i. vi ii ■ f Russia proper. (2) Esths. Esthonia, Livonia, etc., in Russia. (3) Tchuds. Olonetz and Novgorod, Russia. (4) Lapps. Lapland, in Norway and Ru (5) Vots. Saint Petersburg Government in Russia; uncertain. (6) Livs and Krevings. In Livonia and Cour- land, Russia; not certain. PERMIAN BRANCH. ( 1 ) Votiaks. Between the Kama and Viatka rivers in Russia. (2) Sirians. Mostly on the Vitchegda River, East Russia. (3) Permiaks. Perm, Russia. Bissennian dialect, with Votiaks. VOLGAIC BRANCH. (1) Tchuvashes. Kazan, Saratov, Simbirsk, and Orenburg. Russia. (2) Mokdviss. Chiefly between the Oka and Volga rivers. East Russia. (3) Tcheremisses. Viatka, Kazan, Kostroma, and Nizhni-Novgorod, Russia. UGRIC BRANCH. (1) Magyar or Hungarian. Hungary; with the Szekler dialect in Transylvania. 1 2 ) Samoyeds. Twenty thousand in all. A few in North Russia, but chiefly in Siberia. Consult Ripley, The Races of Europe I New York, 1S99). with excellent bibliography from Castren (1857) to Niederle (1896). See Finnish Language and Literature. FINS'BTJRY. A northern district and Parlia- mentary borough of Greater London, England. It consists of Holborn, Central and East divi- sions, with a total population in 1901 of 165 365 The district was known as Holywell in olden times. In Jonson's day, as Finsbury Field, it w'as a resort for the commoner classes of the capital, and as such is mentioned by Shakespeare in Henry IV. (First Part i. FINSCH. finsh, Otto (1839—). A German ornithologist and traveler, born at Warmbrunn, Silesia. In 1858-60 he traveled through Hungary, Turkey, and the Balkan region, and in 18G1 was appointed director of the Museum of Natural History and Ethnology at Bremen. In ISTii he was placed in charge of the scientific exploring expedition organized by the Polar Society of Bremen. He visited Turkestan, northwesters China, and the Altai region, and journeyed through the region of the Obi to Kara Bay. In 1879 he traveled through the Hawaiian Isl- ands, a part of Micronesia. Melanesia, Aus- tralia, and New Zealand. This journey was made under the auspices of the Royal ^cad eniy of Science at Berlin. Having returned in 18S2, he was two year- later sent mil by the rw Guinea Company to explore the northeastern coast of New Guinea, now a protectorate of Ger- many under the i ■ ot Kaiser Wilhelms Land. Ili- publications include: Weuguinea "ml seine Bewohner (1865); Samoafahrten Reisen i» Kaiser Wilhelms-Land mid Englisch-Neuguinea, with ethnological atlas and 21 plates ilsss:: Ethnologiscln Erfahrungen und BelegstucJce aus der Siidsei (1888-93), a work mi the Bismarck Archipelago, New Guinea, and Microne ia. FIN'STERAAR'HORN. The highest peal of the Bernese Vlps, having an altitude of 14.026 feet (Map: Switzerland, •' 2). See Airs.