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* FINLAND. 626 FINLEY. turn Finland (Merlin. 1886). For Finland's re- lations with Russia, Fisher, Finland and the rs (London, 1800); Nyholm, Die SteUung Finlands im russischen Kaiserreich (Leipzig, 1901) ; Arnheim (editor), Der ausserordentliche finlandische Landtag, tS99, German translation from the Finnish (Leipzig, 1900) ; Getz, Das staatsrechtliehc ~erhiillnis :irischcu Finland mid Russland (Leipzig, 1900). See Russia; Sweden. FINLAND, Gulf of. An arm of the Baltic Sea bounded by Finland on the north and east, the Government of Saint Petersburg on the east and south, and Esthonia on the south (Map: Russia, C 2). It extends in an east- erly direction for over 250 miles, and varies in width from about 12 to over 80 miles, its nar- rowest point being at. the eastern end. Its depth ranges from 26 to over 200 feet, although in a few places it exceeds 300 feet. The northern coast is rugged and bordered with numerous small islands. There are also islands, mostly uninhabited, in the midst of the gulf. By the Neva and the Ladoga Canal the gulf is con- nected with the lakes of Ladoga and Onega, while the Narova connects it with Lake Peipus. Be- sides the two above-mentioned rivers, the gulf receives a number of small streams, both from Finland and from Esthonia. Fish are abundant, the waters being especially noted for a kind of sardine, extensively caught near Reval. Naviga- tion is considerable, although greatly hindered by sandbanks and rocks, and by ice during the win- ter. Among the ports are Reval, Kronstadt, Viborg, and Helsingfors. FIN'LAY, Geokge (1799-1875). An English historian, born near Faversham (Kent). He studied law in an office at Glasgow and Roman jurisprudence at Gottingen. In 1823 he pro- ceeded to Greece, and accompanied Odysseus in an expedition to Argos (in the Morea), returned in disgust to the headquarters at Ligovitzi, and went thence to Scot land, where he concluded his legal studies and passed his civil law examina- tion. In 1826 he was once more in Greece, and from that time until the termination of the war (1829) was either in active military service or employed in missions on behalf of the patriot cause. Later he purchased a landed estate in Attica, lost his fortune in farming enterprises, and turned his attention to study and the prep- aration of his volumes on Grecian history, en- titled respectively Greece I nder tin- Romans (1S44), Greece to lis Conquest by the Turks (1S51), (Irene I'mlfi- 01 loman and Venetian Domination (1856), and Greek Revolution (1861). These, with manuscript corrections and additions by the author, were published at Ox- ford under the editorship of H. F. Tozeras 1 His- tory of Greece, from Its Conquest by the Romans lo Ho Present time, B.C. I )i'> in a.m. 1864 ' 1877). The work has remained standard, and of par- ticular value on the Byzantine period. Consult the Autobiography in vol. i. of the Oxford edition mentioned aboi e FINTLEY, John Huston (1863—). i ican educator mid editor, lb' was born at rid Ridge, 111.: studied at Knox College and li"!'! hi- University, and became seere tarj "i the New York State Charities Aid Associa- tion. II. .hoi of Knox College from 1892 u nf il 1899, when 1 1.« accepted I he posit im, of editor I ater in the same year he editor of McClure's Magazine. Besides editing The Charities Review, which he founded, and contributing to periodical literature, he as- sisted Prof. Richard T. Ely in the preparation of Taxation in American States and Cities ( 1889). In 1900 he accepted the chair of polities in Princeton University. FINLEY, John Park (1854—). An Ameri- can meteorologist, born at Ann Arbor, Michigan. He graduated at the State Normal School at Ann Arbor, and continued his studies at the Mich- igan Mate Agricultural College. As assistant to the chief signal officer at Washington he in- stituted the system of meteorological reports from localities where there were no regular sig- nal-service officers, by means of volunteer ob- servers. He was later placed in charge of the Signal Service Bureau on the Pacific Coast, where his observations were of great value. His writings are extensive, his investigations regarding t he phenomena of tornadoes being his most valuable contribution to meteorology. Among his pub- lished works are: Tornadoes (1887) : Manual of Instruction in Optical Telegraphy (1889): Soil or's Handbook of Storm-Track, Fog, and Ice Charts of I lie ~Sorth Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico (1889) ; and Essay on the Development of Tor- nadoes (1890). FINLEY, Martha (Martha Farquhabson) (1828—). An American author. She was born in Chillieothe, Ohio, lived for many years in Philadelphia, and became widely known for her numerous stories of the Sunday School Library type. Her "Elsie Series" (26 vols.) has won especial popularity. Among her many other pub ligations are: An Old-Fashioned Boy (18711. and The Thorn in the .Yr.sf (1886). FINLEY, Robert (1772-1817). The organizer of the Colonization Society, born at Princeton, N. J. He graduated at the college in his native town at the age of 15 years, and taught school there, in Allentown. X. J., and in Charleston. S. C. In 1794. having returned North, he was licensed as a minister by the Presbytery of New Brunswick, N. .J., and in 1795 accepted a .all to Basking Ridge. N. J. During the following years he began to study the negro question, and came to the conclusion that the only solution of the problem was to colonize these people in some remote region, preferably on the coast of Africa, In December, 1816. he went to Washington, D. C, where he organized (lie Colonization Society, and among those who became interested in the project was John Randolph of Roanoke. At this time Dr. Finley was not aware that Jefferson had sug> gested a similar plan in a letter written in 1811, nor that only the previous autumn a motion had been made iii the Virginia Assembly to colonize free blacks on the Pacific Coast. Toward the middle of January he returned to New Jersey, where he organized an auxiliary society, and Han wenf South again anil became president of the University of Georgia, where he died. See Colo- nization Sin hi v. FINLEY. Sam i ii, (1715-66). American clergyman of the Presbyterian Church, born in County Vrmagh Ireland lie came to Philadel phia in I7:u. was licensed to preach in 1740, was ordained by the New Brunswick Presbytery in 1742. and in 1743 was settled al Milford (iri the present New Baven County), Conn. Having preai hed at New Haven to the 'Second So