Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 07.djvu/681

* FINING. FINLAND. those liquids tlinl contain matter thai is me- chanically suspended in them. Such liquids as contain mucilaginous or other gummy matter thai readily clogs the filter require special mi df separation. The fad thai the albumen of meal coagulates the mucilaginous material in Biiup has been taken advantage of for the piirj of fining. In the fining of syrups and such liquors as may be heated without injury, a soluble albumen Buch as the white of egg maj lie used. To a small portion of the turbid liquid albumen is added, ami after thorough mixture the portion is poured into the rest of the liquor ami agitated. On the application of heat the albumen consu- lates and contracts into scum that envelops and draws together the suspended mailer, which may then be readily removed. As albumen is coagulated by alcohol, it may be used for fining wines and cordials without the application of heat. Malt liquors, on the other hand, are lined by means of gelatin, as isinglass. Thus one pound of isinglass may lie soaked in three or four pints of water or sour beer to which, as the isinglass swells, more sour liquor is added, until it measures a gallon. The resulting jelly is then dissolved in seven or eight gallons of liquor to be fined, and this solution, called 'brewer's finings,' which has the consistency of syrup, is used in the proportion of a pint to a pint and a half to a barrel of ale or porter, or to a hogshead of wine. The isinglass combines with the astringent mat- ter of the liquor, forming an insoluble solid which sinks to the bottom and carries with it the suspended matter, where it is allowed to remain, as the flavor of malt liquors depends somewhat upon the astringents they contain. For the fining of spirits a proper proportion of alum is added to the liquor and then a solution of sodium carbonate, and after agitation in the presence of air, the spirit is allowed to rest for twenty four hours, after which it will be found to be clarified. Frequently salts are used for fining: thus acetate of lead is sometimes added to the liquor, and then, after thorough agitation, a solution of potassium sulphate. In this case an insoluble lead sulphate is precipitated, which carries down with it the gummy material. This process is objectionable, n- lead alts are poison- ous. Ox-blood is sometimes used as a substitute for albumen. The best liquors need no arti- ficial fining, as they clarify themselves, for the turbid matter sinks to the bottom soon after the fermentation is completed, and much care must be exercised in the use of linings, espe- cially in cases where the liquors require a cer- tain amount of astringency, briskness, and pi- quancy, as these qualities are diminished and the liquor is likely to become flat and vapid. Those liquors which fail to become clear when treated with finings in the usual manner are called 'stub- born.' Consult Gardner, Brewer, Distiller, and Win, Manufacturer (London. 1S83). FINISTERE, fg'ne'star' (Lat., finis terrce, 'land's end'). The westernmost department of France (q.v.). comprehending a part of the for- mer Duchy of Brittany (Map: France, B 3). Area. 2595 square miles. Population, in 1896, 728,590; in 1901, 773,014. It is traversed from east to west by two low but picturesque chains of hills. Its coast is rugged and broken, its shores bristling with dangerous granite rocks, and The -oil. one-1 it which i- occupied bj sandj > racl and m is moderately productive, i ad flax iderable quantit ic. 'I hi and lead mine are raluabli. • I Poul and II Us principal rivi Aulne, the I and i he i idet. i apital, Quimper. I this depa rl n FINISTER MOUNTAINS. .Aran tains in Kaiser ilhelins Lan I i reach an altitude oi ii !15 feet. FINISTERRE, fe'ne'stftr', Cape. See Cape I'lMM I FINK, Louis Maria I L834- |. An American prela te, bom I i <■ was edui ated a1 Rati bon, ■ to thi United in 1852, was ordained priest of the Roman I lie Church in 1857, and was stationed at Belle- funic. Pa., Newark, N. J., I n, Ky., and o, 1 11. In 1871 he was a i I itular Bishop ui Euca rpia, and appoint ed coad Bishop Miege, Vicar Apostolic of Kansas. Ee was transferred to the Diocese of Leavenworth in 1S77. FIN'LAND (Fin. Suomenmaa, land of lakes and marshes). A grand duchy of Russia, extend- ing from about latitude 60 to about 7n. and lying between longitudes 20° 30' and 33° E. (.Map: Russia, C 2). "Its exllee is Till) miles from north to south. The greati i breadth is about 400 miles. Finland is bordered on the north by Norwegian Lapland, on the east by Russia proper, on the south by the Gulf of Fin- land, and on the west by the Gulf of Bothnia and Sweden. Ii includes part of Russian Lapland. It has an area of 142,000 square miles, of about 35 per cent, is forest (including many moors and morasses) ; over II per cent, j- occu pied by lakes; about 3 per cent. i< arable; and about 5 per cent., is in meadow. Finland ha called the 'Land of the Thousand Lakes.' Among its largest hike, are Kalla. Payanne, Enare, Tunica, Ilauki, and Saima. The last i f these, about ISO miles long, is the centre of the system of water communication between the central pari of the country and the Gulf of Finland. Lake Ladoga indents the southea I corner. The surface of Finland in general i- a tableland ris- ing from 400 to 600 feet above the level of the sea, with occasional elevations reaching about 2000 feet. In the extreme northwesl an alti- tude of about 4100 feet is reached in Haldischok. The rivers are unimportant, the chief being the Muonio, which tlow n Finland and Sweden, the Kenti. and the Ilea. The coast- line is generally low, skirted in the south by numerous rocky islands. The Crown forests are extensive, yielding the Government a considerable income. The foresl tree are mainly conifer-. Oaks and other leaf trees are found in the southern portion. In the northern seel ion the vegetation is thai of the Arctic tundras. The chief mammals are hears. wolves, lynxes, gluttons, foxes, elk. and reindeer. Game-birds and water-fowl abound, as well as fish, principally herring and salmon. Climate. The climate of Finland i- rigorous but healthful, marked by long winters and but hot summer-. It lies within the zone of cyclones and anticyclone--, which