Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 07.djvu/667

* FILLET. 609 FILTER AND FILTRATION. n charge. In Greek and Human religious rites, a while and red hand of woolen stuff, worn upon the forehead, as a si;;n of religious consecration and of inviolability. It. was used by the priests, and hence is spoken <>l' usually as a sacred fillet. FILL'MORE, Millard (1800-74). The thirteenth Presidenl of the I nited Males. He was horn in Cayuga County, N. Y., February 7, 1800. After a youth of industry with lilt!.' op portunity for education, he undertook the study of law. and was admitted to the bar in 1823. His practice of his profession, chielly at Buffalo, con- tinued actively for twenty-four years. His politi- cal life began in 1828 with his election as an Anti-Mason (q.v. ) to the State Legislature, where he served for three terms. In 1832 he was elected to Congress as a Whig, and retained his seat, with one intermission (1835-37), until 1843. During this period he was prominent as a debater on the Whig side, upheld the right of petition, served as chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means in the Twenty-seventh Congress, and reported the Tariff Act of 1842, of which he was virtually the author, lie sought without success the Presidential nomination in 1844: and in the same year he ran for < rovernor of the State on the Whig ticket, but was defeated by Silas Wright (q.v.). He became Comptroller of New York State in 1847. In the following year he was elected by the Whig Party Vice-President on the ticket with Zachary Ta3'lor (q.v.). Upon the death of the President, in July, 1850, Fill- more succeeded him, and the change in adminis- tration was marked by the early passage of the Compromise Measures. (See Compromise Meas- ures of 1850.) Fillmore's support of those meas- ures, and especially his signing of the Fugitive Slave Law (q.v.), alienated many of the extreme Northern members of his party. Aside from the developments of the slavery problem, his ad- ministration was marked by one conspicuous event — the establishment of diplomatic relations with Japan. In 1852 he was a prominent Presi- dential candidate before the National Convention of the Whig Party. In 1856 he was a candidate for the Presidency on the ticket of the Know- Nothing (q.v.) or American Party, and although supported by many conservative Whigs, such as Edward Everett (q.v.), he received the electoral votes of only one State, Maryland. He took no active part in the Civil War, and spent the re- maining years of his life at Buffalo, where he ■died March 8, 1874. Consult: Chamberlain, Biography of Millard Fillmore (Buffalo, 1856) ; and Wilson, The Presidents of the United States (New York, 1894). For an account of his admin- istration, see United States. FIL'MER, Sir Robert ('-1653). An English political writer, famous for his defense of abso- lutism and the divine right of kings. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge ; was knighted by Charles I.; was active as a Royalist during the English Civil War. and became promi- nent as a writer in favor of absolutism. His most important work is his Patriarcha; or. The Natural Power of Kings (1680). The book called forth elaborate refutations from Algernon Sidney, in his Discourses Concerning Government ( 1698) , and from Locke, in his 7Vo Treatises of Govern- ment: In the Former, the False Principles and Foundation of Sir R. Filmer n,ul His Followers are Detected and Overthrown, etc. (1690). Filmer also wrote and Mixed Monarchy (16 '■ i 1680) : Thi l i- ations Com 1 1 ning thi <>, iginal i G mi hi i L6S !) " /•,,/,. tiqui ■ '/ out 1 . o) <;■•!■ i nmi ni (li and I"'' i i tisi mi ni to the J Touching U Itch ;- thi h, r Between a Hebrew and an English Witch 1653). FILOCOPO, fi 1 1. ,,,. by Boccaccio, written 140, of the old French metrical roi Blancheflt ur. It is said to ha ' e bi i n by the author's r -Maria, illegitimate daughter of I lie King of Na FILON, fe'lON', A.UGUSTE A !>< i" h historian, born in Paris. He v author of manj valuable works, which include: Sistoire comparii de France et d'Angleterre i ls:;_> i : Uistoire de VEurope au ZVIemi i 1838) : and Uistoire de la ddmocratii athi (1854). His son. I'lunn  i: 1 1 ii,isti. (1841—1. was the tutor of the Prince Imperial from 1867 to 1S70. He wrote several histories, novels, and critical reviews, such as G sa vie, sa correspondance (1862); Histoire de In littirature anglaist (1883), crowned by the Academy ; Prosper Merimii i 1894) ; and a novel, Li manages dc Londres (1875), under the pseudonym of Pierre Sandrie. FILOSTRATO, fe-16'stra-t6, Jl. A narrative in poetic form by Boccaccio (1341), closely fol- lowed by Chaucer in Troilus and Cressida. FILTER AND FILTRATION ( I'r. filtre, doublet of Fr., OF. feutre, II. feltro, felt, from OHG. filz, Ger. File, AS.. Eng. felt; com with OHG. fair, Ger. Falz, fold, Lat. pellere, to drive). The original and oftentimes ih,. sole object of filtration is the removal of suspend ed matter from liquids by the mechanical pro- cess of straining. Recently science has shown that in some of its applications filtration more than a straining process, particularly .in water and sewage purification, where, by the agency of bacteria, organic matter, both in solu- tion and suspension, is removed or transformed, thus preventing or delaying the clogging of the filter by the latter. The end to be attained in filtration may he the securing or the recovery of mailer suspended in a liquid, or the clarifica- tion or other purification of the liquid itself. The filter may be cither a vessel of porous ma such as carbon in some form or baked i [ it may be a vessel containing a granular or fibrous material, supported on a perforated bot- tom. Granular filtering materials may be -and. crushed quartz, powdered or crushed glass, hone or wood charcoal, crushed coke or cinders, or other substances more or less similar. Fibrous filtering materia ' oi ton, w ool, qi Ins. either in the form or otherwise, and like substances. Both i and theory that in many in-: material to be tillered out adheres to the surface of the individual grains or fibres of the filtering material, often forming a layer or membrane to the surface of the walls of filter vessels. Tn such case hesion and agglutination assist in the process, and the reduction of the size of the pores of the filtering medium, whether through straining or