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* FILIGREE. 608 FILLET. made in many provinces of Italy on extraordinary designs preserved from a remote antiquity. Most of the decoration is in filigree of many varieties. It was in part through the help of workmen in remote villages, who retained the use of various kinds of solder, long forgotten elsewhere, that the fine reproductions of antique gold filigree have been so beautifully executed in Italy, and by Italian jewelers, and are now thoroughly ap- preciated by all art-lovers. Consult the authori- t ies referred to under Jewelry. FILINTO, fe-len'to, Elysio. See Nascimento, Fbancisco M. do. FILTO'QTJE. A Latin phrase meaning 'and from the Son,' which was added to the Xicene Creed by the Western Church, and has formed a prolific source of controversy between the Greek and Roman Catholic Churches. According to the received Greek text, this article of the Creed runs thus: "And we believe in the Holy Ghost, . . . who proceedeth from the Father."' This was the form common to all sections of the Church in the fifth century. At the third synod of Toledo (a.d. 589), the Spanish bishops used a Latin version Which contained the filioque addition, thus: "I believe in the Holy Ghost, . . . who proceedeth from the Father and the Son." This addition met with favor in the Western Church, especially in Spain and Gaul, but was very offensive to the East. Passages could be cited from the writings of Augustine and Leo the Great, in support of the doctrine of the 'double procession,' as it is technically called, but its formulation as part cd' the Creed was destitute of ecclesiastical au- thority. The early ecumenical councils had omitted any expression of the 'double procession.' and the symbol which expressed this faith had been pronounced unalterable. Nevertheless the Western Church contended, first, for the truth of the doctrine implied in the fiUogue, and later, for the symbolic authority of the clause itself. In 809 Charlemagne enlivened a synod at ix- la-< lhapelle, to examine the whole question of the proper wording of this clause. The decision was in favor of the form sanctioned at Toledo. But the case coming before Pope Leo III., he dis- ereetly refrained from giving his approval to the change in the Creed, though he admitted the truth contained in the doctrine as a proposition of theology. The earliest formal recognition of the filioque by a Pope was in 1014, when Benedict VIII. permitted its use at the coronation of Henry II. Meanwhile (lie break between the East- ern and the Western Church had come. Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople, had charged Rome with violating the canons by allowing a change to be made in the Creed, and this, together with other causes which need not be specified here I ee Gbi i k Chi ech), brought about the great chism. Frequent efforts have since been made to heal this breach, but without success. Even the mosl hopeful attempts of Greek and Roman Catholics to reach some agreement on the filioque question, 1 tl neils of Lynns ( I -J 7 -I ). and espe- cially of Ferrara— Florence | I 138-39) — have ac compli bed no permanent result. That the East- fa bas persistently refused to admit the validity of the Roman contention may he seen such official pronouncements as the Ortho- i of thi Eastern Church ( 1643), and the Larger Catechism of the Orthodox East- ■" ian) Church | 1839). The great Creek theologian and doctor, John of Damascus, laid down the limits of orthodox liberty, when he said, "The Holy Ghost proceeds from the Fa' through the Son." It is worthy of note that these words formed the basis of doctrinal ag ment on this Creed article, reached at a confer- ence of Old Catholic, Greek, and Anglican <li- vines in Bonn in 1875, but no practical result fol- lowed their deliberations. Consult : E. S. Ffoulkes, Historical Account of the Addition of the ^^ l ^l Filioque to the Creed (London, 1867); Hefele, History of the Councils, vol. iii., English trans- lation (London, 1883); Schaff, Creeds of Chris- tendom, vol. ii. (New York, 1890). FILIPINO, fe-le-pe'no. See Philippines. FILIPPI, fe-lep'pe, ITlippo de (1814-67). An Italian traveler and naturalist. He was born at Milan, and after holding professorships in zoology at Pavia and Turin, made a tour to Per- sia in 1862, which is described in his Xote di tin viaggio in Persia (1865). He was director of the zo.ilogical exploring expedition sent out in the Magenta to circumnavigate the globe, but died on leaching Hong Kong. He was the author of the important work entitled Delle funzioni ripro- duttive negU animali (2d ed. 1856). FILLAN, fil'an, Saint. Two Irish or Scotch saints, whose histories are more or less legend- ary. (1) Saint Fillan, or Faolan, the leper, was commemorated by a church in Scotland at the east end of Loch Erne in Perthshire, where 'Saint Fillan's well' was long believed to have supernatural power of healing. He also had a church in Ireland at Ballvhevland (anciently called Killhelan or Kill Fae'lain), in the barony of Cullenagh. Queen's County. His day was June 20th. (2) Saint Fillan, the abbot, lived in the eighth century. He was a native of Ireland, became a monk there, and went to Scotland, where he seems to have lived in Perthshire. Bis chief church was there, and also a well-endowed priory dedicated to him. The silver head of his crosier, or pastoral staff— called the 'coygerach' or 'quigrich' — appears in record as early as 14iis. and, after a curious history, is now preserved in the museum of the Society of Antiquaries of Scot- land at Edinburgh. A hand-hell which bore his name, and was believed to work miracles, is also in the same museum. Consult: Wilson. The Quigrich or Crosier of Saint Fillan (Toronto, 185!)) ; also, "Historical Notices of Saint Fillan's Crosier," by Dr. Stuart, reprinted from the Pro- c, cdi> i/s of the Society of Antiquities of Scotland vol. xii. (1878). FILLE DE MADAME ANGOT. fe'y' de ma'- dam' aN'go', La (Fr., The Daughter of Madame Angot). An amusing opera in three acts, with words by Clairville, Siraudin, and Koning, and music by Lecocq, first given at Brussels in 1872 Claire Angot spurns the hairdresser Pomponnet, and loves the celebrated Ange Pitou, who is enamored of the famous comedienne Mile. Lange. 1 'aire finally marries Pomponnet. The music is attractive and graceful, and the orchestrati very successful. FILLE DTJ REGIMENT, do ra'zhe'maN', La (Fr., The Daughter of the Regiment). An opera by Donizetti i 1840). FILLET (OF. fillet, ML. filettum, small (bread, d nutive of l.at. /Hum. thread). In architecture, a narrow flat surface or hand, like a ribbon, used with moldings, iii heraldry (q.v.),