Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 07.djvu/661

* FILARETE. FILE. Francesco Sforza. fin- win mi lie In L'. 1 1 1 tin- Ospe- dale Maggiore, but lived only to complete the right wing, lie also made plans for the cathe- dral at Bergamo, and wrote a curious and inter esting treatise on architecture, Trattato di archi- tettura (c.1464). In this work he described an ideal city, called 'Sforzinda.' This work re- mained in manuscript until 1890, when it was published in Vienna. Consult von Oettingen, "Leben und Werke des Antonio Averulino," in Beitrdge zur Kunstgeschichte, new series, vol. vi. (Leipzig, 1888). FILA'BJA (from Lat. plum, thread). A para- site found in the blood, lymph, and other fluids of the human body. It was first seen by Demarquay, in 1803, in a fluid obtained from a galactocele, and was identified in I860 by Wucherer, of Brazil. In 1868 Salisbury found the eggs in human urine. In 1872 T. R. Lewis found Maria; in the blood. Filaria medinensis, or Guinea worm, is found in different tissues of the bodies of negroes in Guinea, Senegal, Egypt, Arabia, Persia, and India. It is from one to ten feet long, and about one-tenth of an inch wide, and causes painful tumors, blisters, or boils, and sometimes gan- grene. Filaria sanguinis hominis nocturna, which is about one-seventy-fifth of an inch long, is found in the blood. It is indigenous to Africa, India, China, Australia, and Brazil, and has been found in negroes in our Southern States. The parasite is transmitted by mosquitoes, as has been demonstrated by Manson and by Low. In Culex fastigans filaria embryos mature rapidly, after the insect has fed on the blood of a patient suffering from filariasis, and the perfect filarial are found in the head, neck, and proboscis of the mosquito. Strong, of the Chief Surgeon's Office, Division of the Philippines, has found filariasis in Iloilo. He believes that the disease will be- come domesticated in the Southern States, through the return of the American soldiers. This form of filaria is a white, opaline, hair-like worm, tapering toward the ends, which are blunt. It is found only after sundown, appearing in the blood about 6 p.m. A diurnal variety has been discovered by Manson in Congo negroes, but as yet only its embryo has been seen. However, the nocturnal variety is found by day in the blood of those sufferers from filariasis who work by night and sleep by day. Granville advances the theory that the appearance in the blood of this parasite is dependent upon certain conditions of the circulation and of the chyle during sleep. Filariasis is limited between the parallels of latitude 30° N. and 30° S., unless transported by some one infected within the tropical limits. It is found in Brazil, many of the West Indies, in Mexico, and the west coast of South America, the South Sea Islands. Japan, Australia, and China, besides the countries already named as comprising the habitat of the Guinea worm. It is supposed to be the cause of several endemic diseased conditions, including elephantiasis ara- bum, lymph scrotum, lymph vulva, chyluria, haematochyluria, and ascites. Consult: Wucher- er. in Oazeta Medica da Bahia (Brazil. December, 1868) : Lewis, in Medieinisches Centralblatt, No. 43 (1877) : and Manson, The Filaria Sanguinis Hominis (London, 1883). FILBERT. See Hazelnut. FILCH. A boy brought up as a pickpocket, in Gay's Beggar's Opera. Vol. VII. — 39. FILDES, Sam (1844—). An Eng- li ( > pa mil i. boi ii in Livei pool. Bis work is mainly genre, lie studied in the South Ken- sington scl 1 and the Royal Academy, made in. <ii. drawings for the Cornhill bToj London Qraphic, and othet pe licals, and illus- trated the la -t work of < lharles Dicl Drood and of Lever, i le exhibited his fi] picture in the Royal Academy in 1872 — "Fair, Quiet, and Sweel Re i." Fildes also painted Venetian scenes, and largi of the English pi b as "Return of the Lost. One," "The U idowef," and "1 he Poor of London." He seems peculiarly succe ml in de- picting the hard and sordid experience oi the Lon don suffering poor. Well equipped technically, be portrays these scenes and situations with' the vivid realism that Btrongly ii the be- holder, liesiiles his competent execution, he por- trays this aspect of life with a great deal of manly sympathy. He was made an A. 1!. A. in 1879, and a H. A. in 1887. In 187!) he painted the "Return of a Penitent," in 1884 "Venetian Flower Girl," and in 1885 "Venetians." . FILE (AS. feol, OIIG. fihala, fila, Ger. Feile, OChurch Slav, pila, file: connected ultimately with Lat. pingere, to paint, OChurch Slav, plsati, to write, Skt. pii, to adorn). A steel instrument with sharp ridges or teeth made by the indenta- tions of a chisel, which is employed for cutting down and shaping metals or oilier hard sub- stances. Abrading instruments having the gen- eral characteristics of files are doubtless very ancient. Indeed, the file may be said to he repre- sented in ils earliest and crudest form by the rough stones used by prehistoric man in shaping his implements of war and of the chase. Artifi- cially made files are mentioned in the Old Testa- ment in I. Sam. xiii. 21, and they are also mentioned in the Odyssey. These files were doubt- less crude in form, and very inellicieiil in operation compared with the modern tool of the same name, but the fact that they were mentioned in these early writings is proof of the consideration in which they were held by the metal workers of an- cient times. The file has continued to remain one of the most useful of hand tools for working metals, and is to-day produced in enormous num- bers and with an almost endless variety of forms and characteristics. The modern file is a bar or rod of hardened steel having one end forged down to a long slim point or tang for insertion in a wooden handle, end the remainder of its length covered on one or all sides with serrations or teeth. A rasp i- a species of file in which each tooth is an angular pit with a strong burr formed by a pointed punch, instead of a long furrow formed by a broad- bladed chisel. Files and rasps are distinguished first by their length, which is always measured (xelusive of the tang, second by their shape, and third by their cut. which has reference not rmly to the character, but also to the relative degrees of coarseness of the teeth. The length of a file is the distance between its heel, or part of the file where the tang begins, and the point or end opposite. In general the length of files bears no fixed proportion to either their width or their thickness, even though they be of the same gen- era] shape or kind. By kind, in speaking of files, is meant the varied shapes or style- of tiles which are distinguished by certain technical names, as. for instance, flat, mill, and half-round. The