Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 07.djvu/659

* FIGUREHEAD. 601 FIJI ISLANDS. Northmen all placed images of their deities 01 may be n i uncoil ■ of other persons, or animals, or objects upon the tendency prows of their war galleys. The change from sail language and heightening the empl to steam, the removal of the bowsprit and substi- FIGURES OF A SYLLOGISM. I tution oi he straight stem has caused the old ,,„. traditicma] cate gorical syllogism (q.v.) types (> igurclleai, scroll head. Iilllcl 1 1. ;l . I . lid '■ I . . 7 . .■ . i i ed liv dividing 1 i i C-hrai, etc., to disappear. In most i Icin .. • . . ' , , . ' '. | . i-i ,- POSlt ion oi I he in. i 101 - iiiiii i', iiicl ships if ornamentation is placed on each side of r ,e ,, ,, ° ' . ,. ,,' , , ■ , (see i.iui;. i Designa i pec- the upper plating near the stem, ami consists, ■ , , , ,, ,, .. ,.' ', ,', ?. , • •,, , tively by the com ona pmbo I. M, and 8, ii-uii v id the national coals ol arms in gilt ami .• , , • ., ,, n 'i rri vve have t hese i ila • - oi ttgu i nted mors accompanied hv gill scrollwork. I he, ,, , ,. ,. o i cTi j. t. i ■ n- ,- bv the Pillowing lorillllhc: L nitcd Slates steamship (tncinnaU carries a J handsome bronze figurehead which stands nearly . vertical resting against the stem. ' jj «£ ^ S S *% FIGURES OF SPEECH. The general term Conclusion s P s p 8 P s p under which are comprised all deviations in F i GWO rt FAMILY. See Scbophdlabia- the use of words from the literal sense, or from ( t the literary or common forms ami constructions. „ttt * »• Such deviations have at differeni periods been FIJI ( fg ) 6 ) '"' VITI (vrtt) ISLANDS. A variously classified and minutely differentiated. g rou P "' islands and a Crown eolonj oi Great At the present time the tendency is toward Britain, in the Southern Pacific, between lati- greater generalization. The deviations from com- tudea "' and -° s -> and between longitudes 177" Hum use may be classified as figures of thought E - and 178 W. (Map: Australasia, K t). It is ( figures of rhetoric) and grammatical figures the largest and most valuable group in Polynesia, (figures of etymology and figures of syntax). I( consists of about 250 islands, of which about The individual figures are treated under Ety- one-third are inhabited and among which the mology, Figures of; Syntax, Figures of; and most important are: iti Levu, 1527 square miles Rhetoric, Figures of. In addition to these (about the size of Jamaica) ; Vanua Levu, 2499; classes, older authorities recognized a fourth. Taviuni, 217; and Eandavu, 215 square miles, figures of orthography, the subclasses of which The total area, including the island oi Rotuma, were called mimesis and archaism, mimesis rep- lying north oi the group and added thereto in lesenting the imitation in spelling of illiterate 1880, is estimated at 804.") square miles. The or provincial speech, as in the modern dialect larger islands have as a rule, a mountainous stories; and archaism, the reproduction of anti- surface, with elevation- 4 1 feet above the sea. quated orthography and form. The figures of The islands on the south and southwest side ETYMOLOGY, concerned entirely with the forms of of the group are clothed with dense forests, con- words, are employed chiefly for their effect on taining many valuable woods. II a 1 an rhythm and poetry. The omission of an initial surrounded M coral reefs, and form 1 j letter (aphsrresis), as 'gainst for against, or of harbors. The islands are very fertile and well a letter within a word (syncope), as ne'er for provided with rivers, a number of which are never, or the separation of' parts of a compound navigable. In spite of their tropical situation, (tmesis), as how good soever, have almost no the Fiji Islands have a comparatively cool cli- application to common speech or prose writing, mate. The temperature seldom rises above 90° The figures of syntax, or deviations in the con- or falls below 00 J. The rainfall i- alum. hint. Btruction, on the other hand, are in constant and although unequally distributed. Owing to their unconscious use by speakers of all classes and sanitary precaution-. Europeans enjoy ahi ages. Their use adds directness, picturesqueness, complete immunity from the diseases common to and force to language. Of the figures of syntax, the natives and the Indian coolies. The flora ellipsis is the most common, and appears in of the islands is exceedingly rich. The prim exclamations, commands, and energetic utter- native plants are yam-, cocoanuts, banana-. linces of many kinds. It consists in the omission breadfruit, and sugar-cane. The chief occupation of a word, phrase, or clause theoretically essen- is agriculture. The sugar and ion,. unit indus- tial. the absence of which, however, heightens the tries lead, about 50.000 acres being in these two effect of the words. Thus Here! is more striking crops. The former is controlled by thi than Come here. Bread, may be equivalent to Sugar Refining Company, which has several mills Give me some bread; and in many business forms in the colony. Most of the sugar estates are and in signs a word or two may have the value owned by Europeans, but some land i- held by of a whole sentence, as No smoking, for Smoking the Indian coolies, who, after ll spiration of is not permitted. Emphasis is gained by the fig- their term of indenture, generally devote them- ure called redundancy (the use of unnecessary selves to agriculture. Stock-raising i- not im- words to express an idea) ; e.g. I did it my own portant. self. The figures of rhetoric! or deviations from The commerce of the colony is mainly with the usual application of words, add grace and New Zealand and the Australian Slates, and beauty to the expression of thought, and increase shows an almost uninterrupted growth. In 1895 the resources of speech. Therefore they appear the imports, mostly from c South Wales, constantly in poetical composition, and are fre- were £241,759, and the exports £332,209. In quent in prose and ordinary conversation. 1899 the former increased to £349,890, and the Simile requires a connective, pointing out the latter to £619,836. The leading exports for 1900 comparison: He is as brave as a lion; meta- were: Sugar, £393,987; copra. £151,701; green phor omits it : He is a lion. Such expressions as fruit, £28,112; distilled spirits, £28,839 I roof for house (synecdoche), or gray hairs for i- regular -team communication with New Zea- old age (metonymy), are figures in very common land and other point- in the Pacific. The total use founded on contiguity; and all the figures tonnage entered and cleared in 1900 was 190,820