Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 07.djvu/657

* FIGUEIRA. 599 FIGURE. the mouth of the Mondego River, about 25 miles m,-, i by south of Coimbra. It i^ connected by rail with Lisbon and Oporto. I lie harbor is small and obstructed by a bar, buf the town has consid- erable trade in salt, wine, fruit, and oil. Figueira is much visited for its bathing. Population, in 1890, 5070; in 1000, 7890. FIGUERAS, fS-ga'ras. A town in the Prov- ince of Gerona, Sjiain, situated in the centre of the Ampurdan, 14 miles from the French frontier, and 21 miles north-northeast of Gerona (Map: Spain, G 1). On a height (480 feel) near the town is the pentagonal citadel of San Fernando, one of the strongest fortresses of Spain, and tin! key of the Pyrenees. It was constructed in the lat- ter half of the eighteenth century, and admits a garrison of 16,000 men. This furl less has been so frequently taken by the French as to give rise to the common saying that in time of peace it belongs to Spain, hut in time of war to France, having been captured by the latter in 1794, 1808, 1811, and 1823. The fertile plane of Ampurdan produces oil, fruit, grain, and wine, and the town has manufactures of soap, leather, liquors, alcohol, etc. It contains a secondary college, a civil and military hospital, and an asylum for the aged. In the parish church hero Philip V. mar- ried Maria Louise of Savoy in 1711. The an- tiquity of Figueras lias been proved by the dis- covery of a Latin inscription dating before the Christian era. Population, in 1900, 11,084. FIGUERAS Y MORACAS, e mo-micas, Es- tamslao (1819-82). A Spanish statesman. He was born at Barcelona, studied law at Madrid, en- tered politics, and became active in the Republi- can ranks. He was elected to the Cortes from Barcelona in 1851, and became the principal spokesman of his party. He was exiled in 1867 for complicity in a plot against Narvaez, hut returned after a few months. After the Revolution of 1868 and the expulsion of Queen Isabella, he joined with Castelar, Salmeron, ami l'i y Margall in actively opposing the re&stablishment of the monarchy, and in 1870. when, in spite of their efforts, Amadeus of Savoy became King, Figueras continued to oppose him. Upon the abdication of the King in 1873, and the establishment of the Republic, Figueras was made president of the Provisional Council of Ministers, a position which he held until the Constituent Cortes es- tablished a new Cabinet. Figueras remained in the Cortes, a strong supporter of the Republic, until the restoration of the monarchy, December, 1874. when he retired to private life. FIGUEROA, fe'ga -rr/a, Fkancisco de (c.1540- 1620 1 . A Spanish lyric poet, a contemporary and fellow-townsman of Cervantes, having been horn at Alcala de Henares. Little is known of him, beyond the fact that he served for a time in a Spanish regiment in Italy: that lie studied at Rome and Bologna : that soon after his return to Alcala he made an advantageous marriage; and having won the favor of Hon Carlos of Aragon, accompanied him to Flanders in 1579. Shortly before his death Figueroa gave orders that all his poems should be burned. Those that escaped were afterwards collected and edited by Tribaldos de Toledo, to whom we owe these scanty details of his life. They include sonnets, canzoni. elegies, and an eclogue. Tirsi, the name 6y which the poet himself was introduce. I Cervantes in his pastoral Galatea. Figueroa was .■ disciple of Bosean and G both of whom hi' surpassed in bis master} oi blank verse. His best-known sonnet is thai written upon I oi Garcila o on. select ton "i bu ;><" n Biblioteca vol. xlii. FIGUEROLA, fe'gA-rS'la, Laubea.N0 '1816 — ). A Spanish political i mist, born al Calaf. 1 le beet i profes or of polit ica i in the University of Barcelona, and of commercial law al Madrid, from isiisto he was Minister of Finance, and did much to im- prove i he wretched con nish nrv. He published 1 I IS 19-54). FIGUIER, te'gya' Gl m sl9- 91). A French chemist and popularizer of science. He was professor of chemistry ;ii Montpellier and in Paris, and carried out importan in- vestigations. Later he devoted his time chiefly io i he populai izat i"" ■ tune scientific editor of i.,i Presse and afterwards of La France, His works and contributions to scien- tific journals are numerous. Among the most important are: Exposition el histi prin- cipales dScow odernes (6th ed. 1802) ; Eistoire du m< - les Inn /is modernes (1859-62); L'alchimie et les alchimistes (3d ed. 1860) ; and I ies des savants illustres depuis I'antiqit tu'au XlXeme giecle. 'l'i'. Human Rao ; The Insect World; The World Before the Deluge, are the titles of the English translations of of his popular works. FIGULENE. See Potteb's Clay. FIGURATE NUMBER. See Xumber. FIGURE, or FORM (Lat. figwa, from fin- gere, to fashion, to feign; connected with Gk. 8i.yy6.veiv, thmganein, to touch, Skt. dih, to smear, Goth, deigan, to knead, OHG. fete, ' Triii, Icel. deig, AS. dah, Eng. dough), Pekcki'- tiox of. The' spatial attribute extension (q.v.) is ascribed only to certain classes of sensation^, the visual and tactual: spatial relations, on the contrary, are predicable of all sensations alike, since all are localizable. Form, or figure, as used in psychology, is defined (Kuelpe) as "the general term comprehending all the spatial char acteristics that can be attributively predicated of an impression." The perception of the figure of an object may then be regarded as the perception of a sum of extensions, and the problems involved are limited in their application I ense departments to which extent ma ned. The cutaneous perception of figure has re- ceived hut little investigation. By allowing the judgment to he made in visual terms, and by working with the 'procedure with knowledge' (see PsTCUOPHYsics I, Major was aide to deter- mine the limen of form at various parts of the skin. The forms, angles, open and filled circles, and tilled triangles, were applied to the tip of the tongue, the lips, and the tip of the middle finger, and were gradually increased in size until the observer cognized the form. The results showed thai the open circle was mosi easily cog- nized: and that the capacity of the surfaces for cognition of the forms was. in order of excellence, tip of tongue, tip of finger, lips. On the tip of the finger, the following liminal values were ob- tained: Angle "it 1 ' sides 1.6 mm., open circle 3 mm. in diameter, tilled circle 5 mm. in diameter,