Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 07.djvu/654

* FIEVEE. 596 FIG. The advent of Napoleon to power brought Fi&vee to Paris, where he became a loyal chronicler of the Consulate and the Empire. He at first sup- ported the Restoration with equal ardor, but sub- sequently joined the opposition. FIFE (Fr. fifre, It. piffero, pifara, from OHG. pfifa, Ger. Pfeiffe, pipe, from ML. pipa, pipe, from Lat. pipare, to pipe, from onomatopoetic Ck. v pipazein, to chirp). An ancient wind- instrvunent with six holes. It differs from the piccolo in that it has no keys. Its compass is laves from d 1 to d 3. The fife is pitched in various keys, the most common being F and Bb. The fife figures in the sculptured memorials of the Argonautic Expedition, and from that time to this has maintained its place as a simple yet effective instrument for martial purposes. It was common with English troops till the reign of James I., but was then discontinued, to be re- introduced by the Duke of Cumberland at. the siege of Maestrieht in 1747. With the drum it still constitutes the field music of all guards, infantry regiments, and of every regiment of line infantry except'rifle, light infantry, or Scottish regiments. During the Civil War in the United States it was much used in both armies, but has since given way to the more modern military band. It is still retained, however, by many regiments of the various State National Guards. FIFE. See Fifeshire. FIFE, Alexander William George Duff, first Duke of. and Marquis of Macduff ( 1849— ). A British peer. He was educated at Eton, and succeeded his father as the sixth Earl of Fife in 1879. From 1874 to 1879 he sat in Parliament as a Liberal member from Elgin and Nairn. From 1889 to 1898 he was vice-president of the British South Africa Company. In 1889 he mar- ried Princess Louise Victoria Alexandra Dagmar, the eldest daughter of Edward VII.. then Prince of Wales, on which occasion he was created Duke of Fife. FIFE'NESS. A low headland, the eastern- most point of Fifeshire, Scotland, lying on the north siil,' of the Firth of Forth (Map: Scotland, F 3). To the north in the sea are the dangerous Can- rocks, with an iron beacon 35 feet high, which required six years to construct. Fifeness is in view of the Isle of May and Bell Rock lights. There still remain traces of a wall, built by the Danes in the latter part of the ninth century. FIFE RAIL. See Belay. FIFE'SHIRE. A maritime county of the eastern midland division of Scotland, between the Firth of Forth on the south and the Firth <>f 'lay on the north (Map: Scotland, E 3). Area 492 square miles; coast-line, 85 miles, mostly rocky and having many small ports. The sur- face is a succession of cultivated vales and hills, Iture being in an advanced state. There " n,.iii coal and iron mines and lime-quarries. I. in. n. floor-cloth, and malt liquors constitute the leading manufactures. Population, in 1801, 93,750; in 1851, 153,550; in 1901,218,850. Capi- tal, Cupar. . FIFTH (in music). See [ntebval. FIFTH MONARCHY MEN. An English seel of tnillenarians which appeared during the Puritan Revolution. It expressed belief in the literal interpretation of Daniel's prophecy that the four great monarchies of Antichrist — Assyria, Persia, Greece, and Koine — were to be succeeded by a fifth monarchy — the reign of Christ on earth for a thousand years. They differed from other .Second Adventists in considering it a duty to .sist the establishment of the new kingdom by force. In the expectation that the Commonwealth was the commencement of the new era, they joiiie.1 i romwell's army in large numbers. The march of events was, however, not sufficiently swift to please them; and in 1657, on the discovery of a plot to murder the Protector and to revolutionize the government, their leaders, Venner, Grey, Hopkins, and others, were arrested and kept im- prisoned until after Cromwell's death. After the Restoration on January G, 1661. Venner, who was a wine-cooper, led fifty associates in an at- tempt to take possession of London in the name of King Jesus. Those who were not killed were taken prisoners, and Venner and ten others were hanged for treason. Consult: Masson, Life of Milton, vol. iii. (Cambridge, 1859-94) ; Gardiner, Commonwealth and Protectorate (London. 1894- 1901); Neal, Puritans (Portsmouth, 1816-17); and Carlyle, Cromwell's Letters mid Xpei-chi-s I London, 1845). FIG (AS. fir, OFr. figue, fige, from Lat. ficus, fig). A name given to a large group of plants very diverse in habits of growth and in products useful to man. The fig of commerce, known botanically as Ficus canca, is a dioecious plant, 15 to 30 feet high, with rough, deep-lobed leaves, belonging to the Artocarpeae or breadfruit fam- ily. This plant, so far as known, is a native of Asia from Syria to Caucasus and Kurdistan. Like the date, it is an inhabitant of tropical and subtropical countries, and because it often bears three crops of edible fruit in a season, it was one of the chief reliances of the peoples inhabiting its native country previous to the time when cereal grains were introduced into general cul- tivation. Besides being edible in a fresh state the fig can be canned, preserved, or dried, in which conditions it is sold as a commercial article. Its chief importance, however, is as a dried fruit, thousands of tons being annually consumed in the United States and England alone. Found wild in the earliest inhabited conn tries, the fig has accompanied man in all his wan derings wherever a suitable climate has per- mitted its introduction. It was common in Greece during the time of Plato; was early car ried into Italy, and thence to Spain and Caul. It was introduced into England prior to 12o7. ami has -i maintained a more or less precarious existence as a standard in the south of England to this day. It i- most successful when trained on walls and given winter protection. In such situations it bears well, and is remunerative where there is a suitable market for the fresh product. - a greenhouse plant the fig i, verywhere outside the range of successful outd mil ore. In the United Slates, the tig has long been in cultivation in the Gulf States, and even a in north as North Carolina, while in Cali fornia it finds it- mosl congenial conditions; it i- here too thai the closing year- of the nineteenth century witnessed the successful establishmenl of caprification, a- a result of which the production of Smyrna Ic- in California may be accepted as