Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 07.djvu/628

* FEUERBACH. Christianity. Starting from the Hegelian doc- trine that the absolute conies to consciousness in humanity, Feuerbach denies to God any existence except as an idealized object of human conscious- ness. The conception of God is thus merely the projection by man of his own ideal into the ob- jective world. All authority above man is re- garded as a delusion proceeding from man him- self, and the highest good is explained as that which is on the whole most pleasurable. Yet even this highest good is further explained as consisting in resemblance to that ideal humanity which man creates for himself, and worships as God. In a later work he says that man is only what he eats (Der ilensch ist nur was er isst). This is not meant as an utterance of materialism, for according to Feuerbach materialism is a theory that resolves reality into the nature of extended substance, and thus fails to do justice to the sensuous features that experience reveals. Sensationalism is the proper term to apply to Feuerbach's philosophy, and yet it is a refined sensationalism, recognizing, whether consistently or inconsistently, the moral values. Although the impulse toward pleasure is the basis of all morality, the pleasure of others must be con- sidered as of equal importance with one's own pleasure. (See Utilitarianism.) The works of Feuerbach have been collected and published in ten volumes (Leipzig. 1S4G-G6). He died Sep tember 13. 1872. For his life, consult: Griln (Leipzig, 1874) : Bever (Leipzier, 1873) ; and Stareke" ( Stuttgart, 1SS5) . FEUERBACH, Paul Johawn Axsklm, von (1775-1833). One of the most distinguished jurists of Germany. He was born at Jena, November 14, 1775. Brought up at Frankfort-on- the-Main, where his father was an advocate, and educated in the gymnasium there, he went in 1792 to Jena, where he studied law and philosophy. In 1798 he appeared as a criminal jurist in a work entitled Philosophisch-jurixtisehe Untersu- chung iiber das VerbrecJien dcs Hochverrats, and in the following year he began to deliver lectures in the University of Jena. In his lectures and pub- lished writings lie introduced into criminal juris- prudence a new method of treatment, which was systematized in his compendium of German penal law (Lehrbuch des gemeinen in Deutschland grltriidni prinlirhrn Privatrechts, Giessen, 1801; 14th edition by Mittermaier, 1874). This cele- brated work placed Feuerbach at the head of a new school of jurists, who maintain that the de- cision of the judge in every case ought to be determined solely by an express deliverance of the penal law, never by his own discretion, and who on thai account obtained the name of 'rigor ists.' In 1801 Feuerbach was appointed full professor in Jena, but in 1802 accepted a call to Kiel, In 18(ii he removed to the University of Landshut; but the nexl year, having received a commission to prepare a penal code for Ba- 'ii i.i he was transferred (■> Munich, and in 1808 he was appointed privy councilor. The new penal code which he planned for Bavaria [Btrafgeaetzbuch filr das Kbnigreich Baiern Mttnchen, 1813) received the royal approval, and was taken as a basis for the emendation of the criminal law of several other countries. During this period also he published his "Remarkable i i ea in Criminal Law" < MerlcuXlrdige Criminal- rechtsfUlle, 2 vols., Gii sen, 1808-11), which drat 2 FEUILLANTS. led the way to a deeper psychological treatment of such cases. In 1812 he published a work on trial by jury, to which a second volume, on the judicial procedure of France, was added in 1825 as the result of a visit to Paris in 1821. In 1814 he became second president of the Court of Ap- peals in Bamberg, and in 1817 first president of the Court of Appeals at Anspach. In 1832 he published a work on Kaspar Hauser, whose mys- terious fate had strongly attracted his interest. He had just edited a collection of his miscel- laneous writings, when he died at Frankfort-on- the-Main. May 2."). 1833. An interesting life of Feuerbach was written by his sou Ludwig (Lebi n mill Wirk'-ii Aiisrlm run Feuerbachs, 2 vols., Leipzig, 1852). FEUERKROTE, foi'er-kre'te ( Ger., fire-toad i . A common and curious frog (Bombinator igneus) of Europe, called 'fire-bellied' because of the vivid flame-color, marbled with black, of its under parts. The abdominal surface is smooth, but the upper surface, which is olive-green, is ex- tremely warty and toad-like. Two varieties (or perhaps species) are recognized, the orange- bellied of the lowland marshes and the yellow- bellied of mountainous regions. It extends east- ward into temperate Asia, but is not known in Cnat Britain. It is essentially aquatic. The female utters a high-pitched cry. and is exceed- ingly shy ; the tadpoles grow to an unusually large size, especially in respect to their tail-fin. These frogs are interesting as representatives of the peculiar family Discoglossida? (q.v. ). and also for the remarkable way in which, when the] think themselves in danger, they assume an erect, still'- ened attitude intended 'to display the bright 'warning colors' of their bellies. This is corre- lated with the fact that their skins yield an ex ceedingly poisonous secretion, so that no known bird or mammal eats them. Consult Gadow, Amphibia and Reptiles (London, 1901). EEUILLANTS, fe'yaw'. The name' applied to (1) a religious congregation, springing out of the Cistercian Order and taking its name from the mother house of Feuillant, Latin Pa Hum, near Toulouse. Its founder was Jean de la Barriere, who was abbot of this monaster] from 15G2. Protestantism made inroads upon his community, and the ancient discipline waa relaxed. Finally, after courageous efforts at enforcement of the rule, he was deserted by in.i-.t of his monks and himself accused as an innovator before the General Chapter at Clteaux. lie defended himself so successfully that a number of the old monks put themselves under his guidance, and he instituted a severer mode of life than had of late Itch customary in Cistercian houses. They came to Paris in 1587. protected against the Huguenots by a troop of cuirassiers, to take possession of the convent founded for them by Henry III. The reform was confirmed as a separate congregation by Sixtus V. in 1589. In 1030 Urban VIII. divided them into two branches, the Italian, known as Reformed Bemardines, and the French, who still kept the name, of Feuillants, each under a general of its own. Cardinal Bona and other famous theologians have belonged to this Order. Bar- riere alao founded a community of women, and Cardinal Rustico did the same at Home, placing his under the direction of the Feuillant fathers.