Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 07.djvu/568

* FELIX OF VALOIS. )16 FELLOW-SERVANTS. cent III. the right to found the Order of the Trin- itarians, which had as an object the redemption of Christian captives from the Moors. Felix was canonized, and his feast is kept on November 20th. FELL, John (1625-80). An English clergy- man and educator, born probably at Longwood (Berkshire). He graduated at Christ Church, Oxford, in 1043, was a zealous Loyalist during the Commonwealth, was appointed canon of Christ Church in 1000, and in the same year became dean. From 1666 to 1668, and during a portion of 1669, he was vice-chancellor of the university. He added several buildings to Christ Church, and greatly improved its scholastic dis- cipline. He also developed the press of the univer- sity, and encouraged the collation of manuscripts and other scholarly undertakings. In 1085 lie ex- pelled John Locke from Christ Church by com- mand of James II. He became Bishop of Oxford in 1675. His publications include a critical edition (1682) of the works of Cyprian. He was made the subject of a well-known epigram by Thomas Brown (q.v. ). FEL'LAH (pi. Fellahin; Ar. fellah, laborer, from f alalia, to till). One of the agricultural or laboring class of the people of the Nile Valley. In Egypt there was a partial differentiation of the population in early times analogous to that which in India developed into caste (q.v.). This division was perhaps based at least in part on an original diversity or race, and the chief sur- viving classes are the Bedouin, who are the war- like and wandering people of the deserts, and the Fellahin, who comprise the peaceful and seden- tary folk of the annually inundated bottom lands. In general, the Fellahin constitute the peasantry and the Bedouin the soldiery of Egypt ; i.e. the distinction is industrial and social rather than ethnic — indeed, there are no constant ethnic dif- ferences. As a class the Fellahin are docile and lacking in initiative, but they retain in form and feature the characteristics of their ancestors, the monument-builders of ancient Egypt. The women are especially noted for their comeliness. See Egypt, under Ethnology. FELLATAH. See Fulaii. FELLENBERG, fellen-berK, Philip Ema- nuel von (1771-1844). A Swiss agriculturist and educator. He was born in Bern, and was educated at Tubingen. After a sojourn in Paris he settled, in Bern, whence he was banished during the French invasion in 1708. Subsequently re- called, he was sent as Ambassador to Paris, where his services largely contributed to ame liorate the political conditions then prevailing in Switzerland. Later in life he devoted him- self exclusively to the improvement of the Swiss peasantry; he established an orphan asylum (with Uelirli) in 1804, a colony for poor boys (1816), and other institutions, which together constituted the settlement of Hofwyl (Bern), to whirl] in 1820 a high school for the sons of the middle class and a primary Bchool for children added. More than two thousand pupils are to have been taught there. Endeavor was twice made to unite these establishments with tho e oi Pe talozzi; Out the two teachers were nol sufficiently in harmony. The practical educa- tional influence of Fellenberg upon his native land was, perhaps, even greater than thai of Pes talozzi. His literary activity was comparatively unimportant. Consult Hamm, Fellenbergs Leben und Wirken (Bern, 1845). FEL'LING. A town in Durham County. Eng- land (Map: England, El), three miles southeast of Newcastle, on the North-Eastern Railway. It has manufactures of chemicals and glassware. Population, in 1891, 17,490; in 1901, 22,467. FELLOW-COMMONER. A term applied to a wealthy or married undergraduate at Cam- bridge University, who pays extra for the priv- flege of dining at the 'commons' or fellows' table. At Oxford the term is gentleman commoner, though there the practice is now quite or almost extinct. FEL'LOWS, Sir Charles (1799-1860). An English antiquarian, born at Nottingham. He earh - showed a fondness for travel, and after 1832 spent a large part of his time in the Levant. In 1838 he began a series of journeys fron Smyrna into parts of Asia Minor, at that time almost unknown to Europeans. His chief dis- coveries were in ancient Lycia, where he ascended the valley of the Patara, finding the ruins of the ancient capital, Xanthus, Thos, and other sites, copying inscriptions, and making drawings of the architecture and sculpture. He then returned to England, and published .1 Journal written during an Excursion in Asia Minor, by Charles Fel- lows (London, 1839). In 1839 he again visited Lycia. and discovered the ruins of no fewer than thirteen cities, each of which contained works of art. Another journal, entitled An Account of Discoveries in Lycia, being a Journal kept /lur- ing a Second Excursion in Asia Minor (London. 1841), was the result of this journey. In 1841 an expedition left England for the purpose of selecting works of art from the ancient cities dis- covered by Fellows, who accompanied the expedi- tion and directed its operations. Authorized by a firman from the Sultan, they made their select ions and returned in the spring of 1842. Another expedition, sent out by the trustees of the British Museum, brought home 27 cases of marbles and casts in 1844. The sculptures, among which are the so-called Harpy and Nereid Monuments from Xanthus. are now exhibited in the Lyeian Room of the British Museum. In 1845 Fellows's labors were rewarded by the honor of knighthood. His other works are: The Xanthian Marbles: Their Acquisition anil Transmission to England (1843) ; An Account of the Ionic Trophy Wanit ment Excavated at Xanthus (1848) ; a reissue of his earlier journals under the title of Trarcls a in! Researches in Asia Minor, Particularly in the Province of Lycia (1852) ; and Coins of Ancient Lycia Before the Reign of Alexander: with an Essay on the Relative Dates of the Lyeian Monu- ments in the British Museum (1855). FELLOW-SERVANTS. A term used in thl rule governing employers' liability to designate those who are employed by a common master in the promotion of a common enterprise, and whose relations arc such as to make the safety of any one depend, in the ordinary and natural coui < ol things, on the care and skill of the others. Ac- cordingly an engine-driver is a fellow servant nl a switchman when they arc serving a common employer in conducting a common business; while the seamen of one ocean steamer are not fellow servants of those of another steamer, although the vessels arc owned by the same person. In the latter case the relations of the two crews arc not