Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 07.djvu/557

* FEDTCHENKO. 505 FEEDING FARM ANIMALS. ami the lower course of the Sir Darya orJaxartes. In is;i he accomplished a sec I j nej to the Qeaerf of Itizil-Kum and to Khokan, proceeded to the western end of the Terek-Davan Pass, which he w ;i -^ the first European to reach, and made hi, way southward across the A hi i Mountains. After his return to Europe he was killed during an ascent of Mont Blanc. The scientific results til' his expeditions were published in Russian at Saint Petersburg ( 1873-76). FEE, FIEF, or FEUD (AS. feoh, Goth, fahn, cattle, property; connected with Lat. pecus, Ski. pafu, cattle). In the feudal system of land ten- ure, a freehold estate in land, held of another and in subordination to certain paramount rights Oi the latter. These rights, taken together, con- st iiiilcd lordship of the land, while the inter- est of the subordinate owner was described by the term freehold (libernin t< •niinentum), or tenancy. This relation of landlord and free tenant was the correlative of the personal rela- tion of lord and vassal, upon which it was found- ed, and which it gradually superseded. The lord owed his vassal protection and justice, in return for which he exacted loyal allegiance, and tin- performance of certain services in accordance with the station and means of the vassal. In the course of time, when the lords became great landowners, these services came to be connected with the lands granted by them to their vassals, and then the lands were regarded as held by guch and such services, and the different forms of freehold tenure were described by the service appropriate to each, as the tenure of knight's Bervice, the tenure of grand sergeantry (or grand Service: magnum serritium), the tenure of free and common socage ( i.e. the service of socmen ) , etc. See Feudalism ; Tenure. Understood in this feudal sense — of lands held of a superior lord by some definite service or duty — the fee stands in contrast to the allodial or absolute ownership of land, free from any obligation of service or any relation of vassalage to a superior lord. It is doubtful how far this conception of absolute and independent ownership of lands was ever realized in practice in the Middle Ages; certainly there was none of it in England after the ascendency of the feudal sys- tem had become complete. See Allodium. As the term 'fee J stood for land held in any form of freehold tenure of a superior lord, it was originally applicable to such land, whatever the estate of the tenant might lie. Probably the ear- liest fees were for the life of the tenant only, 'but the lord might and often did grant them to the tenant 'and his heirs,' in which case they became estates of inheritance. Before long, how- ever, the term fee changed its meaning. As early as the thirteenth century it was commonly used in the sense of an inheritable estate, and this has continued to be its signification to the present day. It no longer denotes an estate held of another, as distinguished from an estate which owes no duty to any superior, but. any estate, whether feudal or allodial, which is capable of transmission to the heirs of its owner. But. its quality of he'ritability still depends in common- law jurisdictions on the use of words of inherit- ance in the instrument creating the estate. A gift to John Doe 'absolutely and forever,' or to him 'and his assigns forever,' will vest in him only a ii fe e I ate, h bile a gra nl ti and his will give him a fee. I Iris ti clinical rule lia - been ab ati 'I bj tatute in ma nj American States, and the i e reasonable rule substituted t hat l he intent ton of t he grantoi sha II go The right of freely alienaf ing fei acquired until the quality of beritability had bi come definite!} at tached to 1 hem. 1 1 . a finally established by the famous statute Quia Empti i stal. Westminster III.. 1290), which granted and ordained that from thenceforth "it bould be law ml hi i . i i ■ Erei man In sell at his nw n pli . tire his lands and tenements or pari ol th " and at the same time provided that the feoffee, or person to whom the lands were convej should hold them not of his seller, but "of the chief lord of the fee, by such service and customs as his feoffor held before." See Feoffment; Subinfeudation. A fee with the qualities of general beritability and unlimited alienability is known as a fee simple [feodum simplex), and this is the form of estate commonly referred to when the term fee is employed without a qualifying adjective. Side by side with the fee simple, however, there has grown up an inferior kind of fee, with lim- ited rights of inheritance and with restricted rights of alienation, known as a fee tail; but this is now, after six hundred years of existence, dying out. See Estate; Fee Simple; Fee Tail. In Scotch law the term fee is employed to de- srrihe the full right of proprietorship of lands, as contrasted with a life-rent, which is the limited right of usufruct during life. A fee farm is land held by another in fee — that is. in perpetu- ity by the tenant and his heirs, but subject to a perpetual rent, payable to the lord of whom the land is held. It was a common form of landholding in several of the American Colonies. Consult: The Commentaries of Blackstone and Kent ; and Pollock and Maitland. History <>{ Eng- lish I. an- i l'iI ed., London and New York. 1899) : Digbv, Bixlnni of the Law of Real Property loth ed., Oxford, 1897). FEEBLE. A tailor, one of Falstaff's recruits, in Shakespeare's Henry IV., Part II. FEEDING FARM ANIMALS. The proper and economical feeding of farm animals is receiv- ing far more attention and is conducted in a much more intelligent manner than formerly. A generation ago stock was pastured during the summer, no grain was given during that season, and in winter hay and straw were fed with such corn or other grain as the farmer raised. While this practice still prevails over a part of the United States, the soiling system (see SOILING) is coming into extensive use. especially in the East, and greater attention is being paid to grow- ing a variety of feeds for stock. Succulent feeds are now generally advocated for use with the dry feed, and the general adoption of t|ie silo prot i these, while furnishing- the cheapest feed which can he produced on the average American farm. Roots an 1 used to some extent to furnish succu- lent food, hut their growth has increased but little in extent in the United States, although they arc extensively grown for feeding in Ureat Britain. The increasing supply of by-products from oil and flour mills, starch and glucose fac- tories, breweries, etc., has been accompanied by the extensive employment of these materials to