Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 07.djvu/556

* FEDERAL THEOLOGY. 504 FEDTCHENKO. Theology.' Koch (or Coceeius, as he is com- monly known), professor at Franeker, and after- wards at Leyden, is usually regarded as the founder of the school; but the federal idea did not originate with him. Something similar had been taught by Olevianus, one of the framers of the Heidelberg Catechism, by the Swiss theo- logian Eglin (in his De Frj-dere Gratia 1 . 1013), and by William Ames, an English Puritan, who was professor at Franeker in Koch's student days. John Ball's Treatise of the Covenant of Grace proves the early currency in England of a federal system, whose influence is plainly trace- able in the Westminster Confession of Faith. It may almost be said that the idea is latent in all Calvinistic theology, although it marks a de- parture from Calvin's own method by not mak- ing the doctrine of predestination its starting- point. Koch started with the biblical history of redemption, which he arranged under what he called covenants. By the term 'covenant' he meant not so much a mutual agreement between God and man, with reciprocal obligations, aa a promise on God's part, conditioned upon obedient acceptance of the promise by man. It is a gift rather than a contract. There can be nothing like a quid pro quo, for God's part is infinite and man's finite. As developed by Burmann, the federal system includes : ( 1 ) The Covenant of Works, made with Adam as the federal head of the race. God would give man eternal felicity, upon condition that man should remain in his first estate of holiness. This covenant was broken by the fall, and was replaced by (2) the Covenant of Grace between God and fallen man. Man was not released from his former obligation to obedience, although, owing to the fall, he was rendered incapable of performing it. Hence God in His mercy substitutes grace for works. But in order to render this new covenant possible, God is obliged to send His Son, Jesus Christ, to supply the obedience lacking on the part of fallen man, and to be the full divine sacrifice for sin. This second covenant is arranged in three 'econ- omies' — viz. (a) The ante-legal, or the grace promised to the patriarchs.; (b) the legal, pre- sented in tin- Mosaic system of laws and cere- monies, which are all typical: and (c) the post- il. including the advent of Christ on earth and the whole of Christian history. To complete the scope of the federal theology, its ruling idea was projected back into eternity by the tran- scendental conception of a covenant between the Persons of the Trinity, whose aim was the creation and redemption of man. This gave a series of three covenants, under which all his- tory, divim and human, might be subsumed. It tituted a philosophy of history <>n a much broader plan than has commonly been attempted This threefold system is a later development from Koch's teaching. The ideas of Koch and his school were dis- tasteful to the orthodox Calvinists, for they shifted the emphasis away from predestination. Hence the federal theologians were always under picion and sometimes were openly chin 1 with heresy. Koch himself narrowly escaped condemnation, Their chief service to Hie ad- vancement "i Christian though! consists in bav- in:' broker with scholastic Protestantism, and, in fidelity to thi nuine Reformation principle, having i . directed men's minds to the Scriptures themselves. They are not improperly represented as leaders in the study of what is now called biblical theology. Wits (Witsius) and Vitringa are justly honored as the ion n Old Testament scholars of their day. Consult: Coceeius, Opera Omnia (Amsterdam, 1673-75} 3d ed. 1701): Zovflnyi, Geschichte des Cocee- janismus (Budapest, 1890); Fisher, History of Christian Doctrine (New York, 1896). FEDERATED MALAY STATES. A nun, applied to the States of Perak (q.v.), Selangor, Negri Sembilan, with its amalgamated States, and Pahang (q.v.), all of which are under the protection of Great Britain. Situated on the Malay Peninsula, they embrace an area of 26,500 square miles, and have a population estimated at 400,000. The country is generally fertile and well watered, and possesses rich min- eral deposits, especially in Pahang. The chief products of the States are coffee, pepper, sugar, rice, tin, and gold, and considerable commerce is carried on. The imports for 1898 amounted to s-7.000,000 (Mexican), and the exports to $35,- 000,000 (Mexican). The States are governed by native rulers, who, since 1874, have been assisted by residents appointed by the British Government. These residents are under the con- trol of the Resident General and High Commis- sioner for the Federated Malay States. There is a State Council in each State, composed of na- tive and British officials. The State of Johor (area, 9000 square miles; population, 200,000), situated at the southern extremity of the Malay Peninsula, since 1885, while under the adminis- tration of a sultan, has been controlled by Great Britain only in its foreign relations, but in its internal affairs it is entirely independent. FEDERATION OF LABOR, American. See Labor, Americas Feneration of. FEDERMANN, fa'der-man. Nikolais (1501- c.43). A German traveler in South America. He was born at Ulm, Swabia. From 1529 to 1532 he was in Venezuela, in the employ of the Wel- sers, merchants of Augsburg, to whom the Em- peror Charles V. had granted Venezuela, and made extensive explorations in the interior, the results of which he published in the work en- titled Indianische Bistoria (1557; French trans, in the Ternaux-Compans Collection. 1837). In 1534 he again visited Venezuela as the lieu- tenant of George of Speyer, then Governor- General, and entered upon a second expedition which brought him to New Grenada. By reason of his skill and bravery he secured many trade advantages and acquired considerable treas- ure. He made many enemies, however, in con' sequence of his despotism, rapacity, and cruelty, and on returning to Furopo (for the purpose, it is said, of obtaining the Covnnmr Ceneralship for himself) he was discharged l>y the Welsers for his perfidy to George of Speyer. FEDORA. fa'dG'ra'. A popular play by Bar- dou. produced in ISS2. An English version by Herman Merivale, was produced in 1SS3. The title character is among the roles "f Sara Bern- hardt. FEDTCHENKO. fed rhrai'kn. Alexei Pavlo vttch (1844-73). A Russian naturalisi and tra 1 eler. He was born in Irkutsk, was educated ' the University of Moscow, and in 1868-71 m a journey t"i study and exploration to Turkestan