Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 07.djvu/545

* FAZY. 193 FEAR. turning again to Paris sume time before the i ad ,,i the reign of Charles X., I ntered actively into jou'rnalism. In Jul}', 18:i0, Fazy was one of the first to sign the protest of the journali,-ls against the ordinance of the King restricting the freedom of the press, tie was an active pai ticipant in the July Revolution, bul energetically favored the establishment of a republic, and op- posed the candidature of the Duke "I Origans, after whose elevation to the throne as Louis Philippe lie became a member of the Radical op- position. He published the Revtu Ripuilicaine, and liis advocacy of radical republican principles resulted in his being fined and imprisoned. In 1833 Fazy returned to Geneva. There he found the city still in the hands of the Conservative Party, of which the principal elements were the Calvinistic Clericals and the old aristocratic families. His attacks on the Government in the Revue de Geneve, which he established, finally resulted, after almost ten years, in the overturn- ine of the Conservative Party in October, 1846, and the establishment of the Liberal regime. From that time until the fall of the Liberal Party from power in 1804, the history of Fazy is that of the canton in which, from 1847 to 1853 and again from 1855 to 1861, he held the highest office. He occupied at the same time a promi- nent place in the Swiss Federation, and was one of the authors of the Constitution of 1848. In his later years he lived quietly, occupying the position of professor of international law at the University of Geneva. Among his published works are L'homme aux portions: Conversations politigues et philosophiques (1821); lot/ages d'Ertclib (1822); Principes d'organisation imlus- trielle (1830) ; and Histoire de Geneve (1840). Consult Fazy, ./nines Fazy, sa vie et son ceuvre (Geneva, 1887). FEA, ffi'a. CAELO (1753-1834). An Italian archaeologist, born at Pigna. He took holy orders, but afterwards gave himself up entirely to study. His valuable works on archaeology con- sist of the following: Miscellanea filologico, criti- ca nl antiquaria (1700-1837): L'integrita del Panteone rivendicaia a 1/. Agrippa i 1807-20) ; Relazione d'un viaggio ad Ostia ed alia villa di Plinio (1802) ; an edition of the works of Horace (Rome. 1811): Delia statua di Pompeio Minimi del pala to Spada i 1812) ; Iscrizioni di monumenti publici (1S13): and Descristione di Roma (1822). FEAL AND DIVOT (Scotch feal, sod, prob- ably from Swed. vail, sward, pasture, and divot, turf). A predial servitude, peculiar to the law of Scotland, in virtue of which the proprietor of (he dominant tenement possesses the right of turning up and carrying oft' turf from the servient tenement for the purpose of building fences, roof- ing houses, and the like. This, as well as the servitude of fuel, implies the right of using the nearest, grounds of the servient tenement on which to lay and dry the turf peats or feal. These servitudes do not extend beyond the ordi- nary uses of the actual occupants of the dominant tenements. They are strictly analogous to the commons, especially the common of turbary of the English common law. See Common: Profit A Prendre. FEALTY (OF. featte, feaute, feelteit, from Lat. fidelitas, faithfulness, from fidelis, faithful, from fides, faith, from fidere, to believe). The obligation which loud- the vassal or tenant to his feudal lord ; "1 he vet} i idai ion ol ' he feuda la oi ia I ion," in thi ! ha ni i lor Kcni . I he oat b of fealtj, whii < pa rable from al t ever fi uda I tenure oi la took the following form: 'Know ye this lord, i hai I iha II be fail hfu.1 and 1 1 ue u and faith to you shall hear, for the land- which I claim to hold of you. and thai 1 -hall law- fully do to you the customs and serviei - v hich I ought to do at the terms assigned, io keep mo i (od and 1 1 i aints.' The right of the landlord to fealty is still an incident of tenure in England, although it is not exacted, except from copyhold ers. ft is obsolete in this country. It was retained by statute in some of our stales, for a time af- ter their separation from England, but it was not enforced, and the oath of fealty has resolved it- self here, as it has in England, into the oath of allegiance (q.v.). Consult Knit. Commentaries on American Law. FEAR (AS. fcer, Ger. Oefahr, danger; con- nected with Gk. ncTpa, pcira, trial, attack, Trepan, pi run, to cross, Skt. par, to cross). A term which has been used in two senses in psychology. (1) As one of the cardinal emotions of time (see Emotion ), the opposite of hope, fear is essen- tially a transient experience, passing of necessity into one or other of the qualitative emotion-, alarm and relief. But, since fear and alarm are both unpleasurable, and the passage from the one to the other is not definitely marked in con- sciousness, fear is also used to designate (2) the state of fear fulfilled, for which alarm i- the better term. Fear proper is an unpleasant ex- pectation (q.v.) ; fear fulfilled is a typical emo- tion of quality, with characterisl ic expression. Darwin seeks to explain the bodily phenomena of fear, in part, by appeal to the principles of habit, association, and inheritance. We open the eyes and raise the eyebrows, e.g. that we may see as clearly as possible all that is going on about us. In past generations, fear-stricken men have taken to headlong flight, or struggled violently with their enemies; and the utter prostration, pallor, sweat, and trembling of this exertion still ap- pear when the emotion is set up, though the actual movements of escape or resistance are not made. He admits, however, that the symptoms are directly due, in part, to "disturbed or inter- rupted transmission of nerve-force from the cere- brospinal system to various parts of the body." James seems to agree, when he says that "trem- bling, which is found in many excitements besides that of terror, is quite pathological." The stand- ing on end of the hair in extreme fear Darwin regards as a relic of the bristling up of animals, whose appearance is thus made more terrible to their antagonists. Fear is exceedingly contagious, as the records of battles and of commercial eri-os sufficiently show. Morbid fears play a large part in the classification of insanity (q.v.), and are also connected with certain organic and functional diseases of the heart (panphobia). Consult: Darwin. The Expression of the Emotions (Lon- don. 1800) ; James. Principles of Psychology (New York. 1890) : Mantegazza, La physiognon et l'i I des sentiments (Paris, 1885): Mosso, Fear (London, 1896).