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* FAVRAS. 189 FAWCETT. land. Two years later he was accused by the Revolutionary party of conspiracy, condemned to death, and executed. FAVRE, fa'vr', Axphonse (1813-90). A Swiss geologist, lie was burn at Geneva, studied ji iii.' Academy there, and waa appointed pro- fessor of geology in the Academy. lie ;is a correspondent of the French Institute. Hi* researches regarding the genlog_ ol I lie Alpine regions are considered valuable. His more im- portanl works include: Sur la structure en 6ven- tu.l du Mont Blanc (1865), and Recherches giologiques dans les parties de la Savoie, du I'iriiKiiil et de la Suisse voisines du Mont Blanc (3 vols., 1867). FAVRE. Jules Claude Gabriel (1809-80). A French advocate, author, and politician. He was born at Lyons, March 21, 1809, and studied for the bar at Paris, where he took an active part in the July Revolution of 1830. On re- turning to Lyons, the same year, he became noted for his ardent republicanism. From 1835 Favre was a member of the Paris bar. After the February Revolution of 1848 he was Secretary in the Ministry of the Interior, in which capac- ity he inspired the circular for which Ledru-Rol- (in's administration was so severely reproached, investing the commissioners of the Republic with dictatorial authority in the provinces. He was also active as a member of the Committee of Foreign Atfairs. After the election of December 10th Favre showed himself a persistent an- tagonist of Louis Napoleon, and after the flight Of Ledru-Rollin became the orator of the Moun- tain. The coiii) d'etat of December 2, 1851, closed his political career for the time. In 1858 he defended Orsini on his trial for a conspiracy to murder Napoleon III. In the same year he became a member of the Corps Legislatif. and a vigorous opponent of the Imperialist policy. In 1868 he founded the Republican journal L'Elec- trur. and he opposed with all his power the policy which led to the breach with Prussia. After Sedan he called for the deposition of the Emperor and the formation of a Government of National Defense. He was chosen Vice-President and became Minister of Foreign Affairs, and car- ried on negotiations with Count Bismarck: but committed grave blunders, especially in insisting, against the advice of Bismarck, that the National Guard of Paris be allowed to retain their arms, the result being the outbreak of the Commune (q.v. ). When Thiers became chief of the Execu- tive, he appointed Favre Minister of Foreign Af- fairs, and as such he signed the definitive Treaty of Paris at Frankfort, May 10, 1871. He re- signed office in July, 1871, and resumed his law practice. Favre was a voluminous writer on social and political subjects. He died at Ver- sailles, January !9. 1880. Among his works may be mentioned: Rome et la Republique fran- false 11871) : he gouvernement du If. Septembre (1871-72): Conferences et melanges (1880). Consult : Maritain, -lulrs Favre, melanges po- Ktiques (Paris. 1882) : King. French Political headers f Yw York. 1882). FAVRE, Louis (1826-79). A French engi- neer. He was horn at Chone-Bourg, near Geneva, and studied railroad engineering in France. He displayed srreat skill in matters of practical engi- neering at Lyons and elsewhere, and in 1872 was successful in the contest for the contract stipu- lating the construction of the Saint Gotthard 'Inline] within the space of eight years. He con- ducted this undertaking successfully, hut died shortly before its completion. FA'VUS ( Lai., boneyc b, /./.'./ favosa, crusted ringworm). A disease of the skin, chiefly of lie scalp, characterized by yellowish, dry in-' crustations of more or less roundish form, and often .up shaped, composed of the sporules and mycelia (q.v.) of a vegetable growth, the Aohorion Schoenleinii. The disks of favus are produced with greal rapidity, and spread rap- idly, if not attended to at the first, over the whole scalp, destroying the bulbs of the hair, which becomes very short and thin and then falls out altogether. Favus spreads only where cleanliness is greatly neglected, and is therefore almost unknown among the better classes. It is very rare in the United States and in England: common in Hungary, Russia, Italy, France, and Scotland. It is far more common among children than among adults. It. may oeeur on the skin of the entire body, and also on the nails. In treating favus, the fungus must be re- moved with the point of a knife from the free surface of the skin or the nails, and mercurial ointment should be rubbed in. If on the scalp the cure is sometimes attempted by a variety of medicated and simple ointments, and by pulling out the hair by the roots, or 'epilation.' as il is called; but it seems hardly possible in inveterate eases to eradicate the disease without a very long persistence in habits of the most scrupulous cleanliness, and therefore the cure is seldom per- manent, though easily attained for the time. Favus is almost always followed by permanent baldness of the parts affected, unlike ringworm (q.v.), which is a minor disease of the same order. FAWCETT, Edgar (1847-1904). An Ameri ran poet and novelist, born in New York, -May 26. 1847. He was graduated at Columbia University in 1867. From an early age he was a voluminous contributor to journals, and a popular writer of poetry, drama, and fiction. Among his very numerous volumes are: Short Poems for Short People (1871) ; Purple and Fine Linen, a novel ( 1873) ; Poems of Phantasy and Passio>i( 1S7S| ; .1 Hopeless Case (1880); The False Friend, a successful play (1880); The Xew King Arthur. an opera libretto (1884); Song and Stun/ I 1884) ; Romance and Reverie (1SS6) : Svnas i, Doubt and Dream, collections of verse; and the novels Fair Fame (1894); Outrageous Fortune I 1894 I ; and The Ghost of Guy Thyrle (1897). He also published Agnosticism and Other Essays (1889). FAWCETT, Henry (1833-84). An English economist, born at Salisbury. He was educated at Trinity Hall. Cambridge, of which he was a scholar: graduated with high mathematical hon- ors in 1856, and was elected a fellow in the same year. Mr. Fawcett was totally deprived of his sight in 1858 by an accident when shooting. Hav- ing writ ten and published A Manual of Political Fa, no ,n u i 1863) : the Economic Position of the British Laborer (1865) : and having been an ex- tensive contributor of articles on economic and political science to various magazines and re- views, he was elected, in 1863. professor of no- liti.-al economy in the University of Cambridge. He unsuccessfully contested for a Parliamentary