Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 07.djvu/536

* FAULT. 481 FAUQUE DE JONQUIERES. Eng. fall), or Dislocation. In geology, a dis- placement of rocks along a plane of fracture. The plane of fracture may be inclined at any angle to the horizon, and the displacement may be vertical or horizontal, but usually both. The angle made by the fault plane with a vertical plane is called the "hade' or 'slope' of the fault. The inclination of the fault plane with the horizontal plane is called the 'fault dip.' Where the displacement is partly vertical, the side on which the rocks lie at a higher level than that of their continuations across the fracture is called the 'upthrown side,' and the other is called the 'downthrown side.' Also the side toward which the fault plane dips is called the 'hanging wall,' while the other side is called the 'foot-wall.' The 'throw' of a fault is its vertical displacement. The horizontal displacement is sometimes called the 'heave.' Where the hanging-wall side of a fault is depressed with reference to the foot-wall side, the fault is said to be a normal or gravity fault. Where the hanging-wall side is thrust up over the foot-wall side, the fault is said to be a reversed or thrust fault. In a gravity fault the dip of the fault plane is usually great ; in a thrust fault, small. This displacement in normal faults is due to gravity, and causes the affected bodies to occupy greater horizontal area. The displacement of a thrust or reversed fault originates in compression of the rock mass. BECTION SHOWING FAULTS. a, Normal Fault ; b, Reversed Fault. In general, faults are one of the manifestations of the deformation which ruck-, undergo in the outer parts of the earth's crust where they yield by fracture. I See Cbust of the Earth.) Faults are accompanied by various phenomena such as brecciation, jointing (see Joints), and slieken- siding, which arc the common accompaniments of relief from pressure. While faults with marked throws are not very frequent, it is difficult to find a fracture in the earth's crust where some slight displacement of the parts has not occurred, foi fractures develop in the relief of rooks from pressure, and relief cannot be obtained without at least a slight differentia] movement. In mountain masses the displacement by faulting in iv amount to hundred.-, or even thousands, of feet. See Mm tw s ; Geolooy. FAUNA. The indigenous animals of a desig mi i ill place, region, or space of time, considered collectively — the correlative of 'flora' (q.v.). The pace in view may be a geographical surface, as a country, or a certain neighbor!) 1; or il may l,i i certain environment. Moreover, the word is frequently com] nded, as 'avifauna,' 'pi ci faim in onler to designate that only I lie bin]-, fishes, or other single group of the given i under consideration. Conversely, a district characterized by a fauna of any par- ticular nature i- spoken of a- a 'fauna! region.' For further elucidation of these definitions, see Distribution of Animals. In geology and paleontology, the term i- em- ployed in a sense somewhat different from that in which it is used by the zoologist. The pale- ontologist conceives of a 'fauna' as an assemblage of animals inhabiting a particular region during a geologic hemera, epoch, or period. The fossil remains of such a fauna would lie found scattered through the successive layers of all the deposits formed during the period of its existence. Such a fossil fauna undergoes changes in its make-up; some species drop out, other new ones come in from adjoining provinces, and the species them- selves often exhibit evolutional changes. The broader the use of the term, the more apparent the modifications of the fauna. Thus the 'Ordo- vician fauna' of New York State is a compre- hensive use of the term, and involves a large, heterogeneous assemblage of fossil organisms; but the 'Upper Chazy' fauna of the Champlain Valley is a more restricted use and refers to a concrete, homogeneous member of the larger group. For further discussion, see Paleontology. FAUNCE, William Herbert Perry (1859 — ). An American clergyman and educator, born at Worcester, Mass. He graduated in 1S80 at Brown University, and in 1884 at Newton Theo- logical Seminary, and from 1884 to 1889 was pastor of the State Street Baptist Church of Springfield. Mass. From 1889 to 1899 he was pastor of the Fifth Avenue Baptist Church of New York City, in 1896-97 was a lecturer in the Divinity School of the University of Chicago, and in 1898-99 was a member of the board of resident preachers of Harvard University. In 1899 he became president of Brown University. His writ ings include numerous contributions, chiefly to religious periodicals. FAUN OF FRAXIT'ELES, The. A cele- brated statue, of which the best extant copy is in the Capitoline Museum at Rome. This figure suggested the title of Hawthorne's IfarbZa Faun, in which a fine description of the statue is given. FAUNUS. Faunus is an early Italian god of the country, and especially the life on the faun : a god of fruitfulness in fields and flocks, a kindly divinity, as his name shows (faunus, from fa- ver< i. lie dwelt in the hills and woods, and was worshiped there. He was also gifted with prophecy, and to him were attributed (lie strange voices and sounds heard in the woods. His com panion divinity was Fauna. This old Roman god was identified by Roman poets with the Greek Pan, ami under the influence of Greek models assumed Hie form and attributes of thai deity. from ihis also developed the conception of fauni, or fauns, creatures like the Creek satyrs, with pointed ears, goals' hoofs and tails. In ail the later Greek conception minimized the goal nature, Under the euhemeristic tendencies of (he time, Faunus entered the list of the early Latin kings as (he father of l.alinus. sou of Picus, and rep- resentative of the early civilization. In some of the villages a festival iii honor of Faunus ■' to have I n belli on December 5th, bul in Roma the great festival of the Lupercalia, on Februarj 15th, was celebrated in hi- honor. FAUQUE DE JONQUIERES, f.'.k d< zhoN'- kyfir'. JEAN PHILIPPE EENEST IMC (1820—). A