Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 07.djvu/530

* FATHER OF ENGLISH PROSE. L78 FATIGUE. FATHER OF ENGLISH PROSE. A title given to Roger Asehani. FATHER OF EPIC POETRY. A name i to Homer, as the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey. FATHER OF FRENCH HISTORY. An- iliv Duchesne, one ot" the earliest French histo- rian-. FATHER OF GERMAN LITERATURE. A title applied to Lessing as the leader in re- viving a national German literature. FATHER OF GOOD WORKS. Sultan Mo- hammed II., of Turkey. FATHER OF GREEK MUSIC. Terpander of Lesbos. FATHER OF GREEK TRAGEDY. The title given to iEschylus. FATHER OF HISTORY. The name given to Herodotus, as the first writer of real history. FATHER OF JESTS. .See Miller, Joseph. FATHER OF LETTERS. (1) A title be- stowed on Francis I. of France. (2) Lorenzo de' Medici. FATHER OF LIES. Satan. The title has also been used of Herodotus, from disbelief in the stories he relates. FATHER OF MEDICINE. A title given to Hippocrates. FATHER OF MORAL PHILOSOPHY. A .surname of Thomas Aquinas. FATHER OF MUSIC. A name given to Palestrina. FATHER OF ORTHODOXY. A title ap- plied to Athanasius, Bishop of Alexandria, for his zeal in combating the Arian heresy. FATHER OF PEACE. A title given to An- drea Doria, by the Genoese. FATHER OF RIDICULE. A surname of Francois Rabelais. FATHER OF THE FAITHFUL. A title given to Abraham, as the ancestor of the Jewish nation. FATHER OF THE MARSHALSEA. Wil- liam Dnrrit. in Dickens's LiHU Dorrit. FATHER OF THE PEOPLE. A title as sumed by tin- kings of Denmark, and by Louis Ml.. Henry IV.. and Louis XVIII. of France. FATHER OF WATERS. A name given to the Mississippi River, on account of ils great length and numerous tributaries. FATHER PROUT. The nom-de-plume of Francis Mahony (q.v.). FATHERS, The Apostolic. The -ix fathers of 11m- Church who were contemporaries of the Apostles: Barnabas, Clement of Rome, Hernias, Ignatius, Papias, and Polyearp. FATHERS AND SONS. A novel by Tur- geniefT (q.v.), a presentation of theoretic nihil- ism. FATHERS OF THE CHURCH. A title of honor applied to 1 he i a rl; v riters of I he < 'hris- tian Church. The > :m be traced back I" the fifth century, hut its early significance i tin mplicated by the habit of applying the title "f father to bishops, especially when as nembled in council. It i- nut applied to all the ly writers without o- ime of them, liKe Origen and Tertullian, who had fallen under suspicion of heresy, are nut so designated. When the (luinh, by the declaration of either a general council or a Pope, has borne special testimony to the requisite qualities of orthodoxy, holiness, and eminent erudition, the forma! title of "Doctor- of the Church' (q.v.) is given to such writers. The limitation of the period within which the name is applied has never been very precise; most com- monly it is taken to end with the death of Saint John Damascene (c.754) for the Eastern Church, and with that of Saint Gregory the Great (604) for the Western. Consult: The best general col- lection, Migne, Patrologiw Cursus Compli tus (387 vols., Paris, 1844-66), with the continuation. Horoy, Aledii <-Evi Bibliotheca Pairistica, sive Palrologia ah Anno 1216 usque ad Concilium Tri- dentinum (Paris, 1879 seq.). The Vienna Acad- emy is issuing ( 1866 seq. ) a Corpus Heriptorum Ecclesiastirvrum Latinorum, of a critical charac- ter. Translations of many Fathers may be found in the 'Ante-Nicene,' 'Nicene,' and 'Post-Nieene' libraries (New York, 1885 seq.). FATHER TOM AND THE POPE, on A Night at the Vatican. An amusing broad sa- tire by Samuel Ferguson, which first appeared in Blackwood's Magazine for May, 1838. The hero is generally supposed to have represented the Rev. Thomas Maguire, rector of a parish in Leitrim, and was afterwards introduced in Le- ver's Hurry Lorrequer as Father Tom Loftus. FATHIGARH, fut'e-gar'. See Futtigakii. FATHIPUR, FATEHPUR, or FUTTEH- PUR, fut'I-poor'. The capital of the district of the same name, in the Northwest Provinces, Brit- ish India, on the great trunk road between Cal- cutta and Delhi, in latitude 25° 57' N. and longi- tude 80° 54' E., 70 miles northwest of Allahabad, and 50 miles southeast of Cawnpore (Map: In- dia. D 3). It is a thriving place, with 20.000 inhabitants. Besides the buildings belonging to the civil establishment of the district, it. contains a small but elegant mosque. FATHOM (AS. fcepm. cubit. Ger. Faden, fath- om, fapa, inclosure; ultimately connected with Gk. TreTavvvvaL. prtniiiiinitii, to spread out I . A measure of length equal to six feet, ft was for- merly ascertained by extending both arms and measuring to the finger-tips, and this method is still used by sailors in measuring short lengths of rope. In the United States, England, and Russia the measure is applied to depth of water and length of rope. FATHOM, Ferdinand, Count. See Ferdi- nand. Count Fathom. FATIGUE, fa-teg' (from Lai. fatigare, to fatigue; probably connected with af-fatim, enough). Fatigue usually follows long sustained application, whether of mind or body. The dis tinetion is often drawn between physical or hod ilv fatigue and mental fatigue. There is. how- err. a common element in the two. The mental experience which we call exhaustion or weari- ness i- of une and the same kind, whether caused by prolonged muscular work or by sustained thinking. But it is customary to include in physical fatigue the altered condition of the muscles which renders them, fur the time being, unlit t'ni- use. Thus we saj that mil aim or body i tired, or thai we an- 'tired all over.' Sim ilarlv there is - times included in mental fa-